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Berawan–Lower Baram Languages
The Berawan – Lower Baram languages are a group of half a dozen languages spoken in Borneo. Languages *Berawan language, Berawan *Lower Baram: Belait language, Belait, Kiput language, Kiput, Lelak language, Lelak, Narom language, Narom, Tutong 2 language, Tutong References Berawan–Lower Baram languages, {{austronesian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borneo
Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda Islands, located north of Java Island, Java, west of Sulawesi, and east of Sumatra. The island is crossed by the equator, which divides it roughly in half. The list of divided islands, island is politically divided among three states. The sovereign state of Brunei in the north makes up 1% of the territory. Approximately 73% of Borneo is Indonesian territory, and in the north, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up about 26% of the island. The Malaysian federal territory of Labuan is situated on a small island just off the coast of Borneo. Etymology When the sixteenth-century Portuguese explorer Jorge de Menezes made contact with the indigenous people of Borneo, they referred to their island as ''Pulu K'lemantang'', which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malayo-Polynesian Languages
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast Asia (Indonesia and the Philippine Archipelago) and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia in the areas near the Malay Peninsula, with Cambodia, Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan as the northwest geographic outlier. Malagasy, spoken on the island of Madagascar off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, is the furthest western outlier. Many languages of the Malayo-Polynesian family in insular Southeast Asia show the strong influence of Sanskrit, Tamil and Arabic, as the western part of the region has been a stronghold of Hinduism, Buddhism, and, later, Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Bornean Languages
The Greater North Borneo languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The subgroup historically covers languages that are spoken throughout much of Borneo (excluding the areas where the Greater Barito and Tamanic languages are spoken) and Sumatra, as well as parts of Java, and Mainland Southeast Asia. The Greater North Borneo hypothesis was first proposed by Robert Blust (2010) and further elaborated by Alexander Smith (2017a, 2017b). The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical. Despite its name, this branch has been now widespread within the Maritime Southeast Asia region, with the exception of the Philippines (although this depends on the classification of Molbog). The proposed subgroup covers some of the major languages in Southeast Asia, including Malay/ Indonesian and related Malayic languages such as Minangkabau, Banjar and Iban; as well as Sundanese and Acehnese. In Borneo itself, the largest non-Malayic GNB language in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Sarawakan Languages
The North Sarawakan languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in the northeastern part of the province of Sarawak, Borneo, and proposed in Blust (1991, 2010). ;North Sarawakan languages * Kenyah * Dayic languages (Apo Duat) * Berawan–Lower Baram *''Bintulu'' ''Ethnologue'' 16 adds Punan Tubu as an additional branch, and notes that Bintulu might be closest to Baram. The Melanau–Kajang languages were removed in Blust 2010. The Northern Sarawak languages are well known for strange phonological histories. Classification Smith (2017)Smith, Alexander. 2017. ''The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification''. PhD Dissertation: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. classifies the North Sarawakan languages as follows. *Bintulu Bintulu is a coastal town on the island of Borneo in the central region of Sarawak, Malaysia. Bintulu is located northeast of Kuching, northeast of Sibu, and southwest of Miri, Malaysia, Miri. With a population of 114,058 as of 201 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berawan Language
Berawan is an Austronesian language spoken in eastern Sarawak, Malaysia. Dialects # Lakiput # Narom # Lelak # Dali # Miri long teran # Belait # Tutong # Long Terawan # Long Tutoh # Mulu Caves Distribution # Baram (Tutoh-Tinjar) # Batu Bela (Sungai Merah / Lower Tutoh) # Long Terawan (Middle Tutoh) # Long Teru (Lower Tinjar) # Long Jegan (Middle Tinjar) # Long Teran # Long Tabing # Long Takong # Loagan Bunut National Park # Long Patan # Long Palo (Tutoh) # Long Kuk Reconstruction Proto-Berawan is the reconstructed proto-language In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family. Proto-languages are usually unatte ... of all Berawan language varieties. Its phonology has been extensively reconstructed by Jürgen M. Burkhardt in 2014. Sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ;Severe limitations on antepenult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belait Language
Belait, or Lemeting, is a Malayo-Polynesian language of Brunei and neighbouring Malaysia. It is spoken by the Belait people who mainly reside in the Bruneian Belait District. There were estimated to be 700 speakers in 1995.Martin, Peter W. 1995. 'Whither the indigenous languages of Brunei Darussalam?' ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 34:44–60 Classification Belait is related to the Miri, Kiput and Narum languages of Sarawak. It is considered part of the Lower Baram subgroup of North Sarawak languages. Dialects There are four mutually-intelligible dialects of Belait.Clynes, Adrian. 2005. 'Belait'. In Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Alexander Adelaar (eds.) The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Abingdon: Routledge. These are spoken in two main regions: * In the villages of Kuala Balai and Labi * In the Kiudang subdistrict of Tutong Two distinct dialects of Belait – Metting and Bong – are spoken within the Mungkom village, Kiudang. There are very few speakers of any of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kiput Language
Kiput is a Malayo-Polynesian language primarily spoken by the Kiput people in northern Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia. Phonology While the Northern Sarawakan languages in general are known for unusual phonological developments, Kiput stands out from the rest. Vowels Kiput has eight monophthongs , at least twelve diphthong A diphthong ( ), also known as a gliding vowel or a vowel glide, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of ...s and two triphthongs . Consonants References Further reading * * * * External links * Kaipuleohone archive includes written materials on Kiput Languages of Malaysia Berawan–Lower Baram languages Endangered Austronesian languages {{austronesian-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lelak Language
Lelak is an extinct language of Malaysian Borneo. The Lelak people now speak Berawan Berawan is an Austronesian language spoken in eastern Sarawak, Malaysia. Dialects # Lakiput # Narom # Lelak # Dali # Miri long teran # Belait # Tutong # Long Terawan # Long Tutoh # Mulu Caves Distribution # Baram (Tutoh-Tinjar) # Batu Bela ( .... References Berawan–Lower Baram languages Languages of Malaysia Extinct languages of Asia {{au-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narom Language
Narom language (sometimes spelled Narum) is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Lower Baram branch. It is spoken by some 2,420Wurm, Stephen A. and Shiro Hattori (eds.) (1981). ''Language Atlas of the Pacific Area''. Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy, Canberra, Narom people in Sarawak, Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ..., and particularly in the Miri Division and the area south of Baram River mouth. The language has three dialects, Bakong, Daliʼ and Miriʼ. References External links * Kaipuleohone has archived materials that includMiri kin termsanother written materials* Kaipuleohone has also archiveNarom audio recordingsand fieldnotes of basic linguistic features in Narom Berawan–Lower Baram l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tutong 2 Language
The Tutong language, also known as ''Basa Tutong'', is a language spoken by approximately 17,000 people in Brunei. It is the main language of the Tutong people, the majority ethnic group in the Tutong District of Brunei. Classification Tutong is an Austronesian language and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Sarawak, Malaysia. Tutong is related to the Belait language with roughly 54% of basic vocabulary being cognate. Language use Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and code-mix or code-shift with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English. The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers. This means it is considered endangered An endangered species is a species that is very ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
