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Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron
Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (; 26 January 1799 – 28 January 1864) was a French engineer and physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics. Life Born in Paris, Clapeyron studied at the École polytechnique, graduating in 1818.Milton Kerker (1960Sadi Carnot and the Steam Engine Engineers Isis 51: 257–70 via JSTOR He also studied at École des mines. In 1820 he and Gabriel Lamé went to Saint Petersburg to teach and work at the school of public works there. He returned to Paris only after the Revolution of July 1830, supervising the construction of the first railway line connecting Paris to Versailles and Saint-Germain. The half brothers Stéphane Mony and Eugène Flachat collaborated in this project, which was financed by Adolphe d'Eichthal( fr), Rothschild, Auguste Thurneyssen, Sanson Davillier and the Péreire brothers. Clapeyron took his steam engine designs to England in 1836 to find a manufacturer and engaged Sharp, Roberts and Co. From 1844 to 1859 Cla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, and science. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its very early system of street lighting, in the 19th century it became known as "the City of Light". Like London, prior to the Second World War, it was also sometimes called the capital of the world. The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an estimated population of 12,262,544 in 2019, or about 19% of the population of France, making the region France's primate city. The Paris Region had a GDP of €739 billion ($743 billion) in 2019, which is the highest in Europe. According to the Economis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Lamé
Gabriel Lamé (22 July 1795 – 1 May 1870) was a French mathematician who contributed to the theory of partial differential equations by the use of curvilinear coordinates, and the mathematical theory of elasticity (for which linear elasticity and finite strain theory elaborate the mathematical abstractions). Biography Lamé was born in Tours, in today's ''département'' of Indre-et-Loire. He became well known for his general theory of curvilinear coordinates and his notation and study of classes of ellipse-like curves, now known as Lamé curves or superellipses, and defined by the equation: : \left, \,\,\^n + \left, \,\,\^n =1 where ''n'' is any positive real number. He is also known for his running time analysis of the Euclidean algorithm, marking the beginning of computational complexity theory. Using Fibonacci numbers, he proved that when finding the greatest common divisor of integers ''a'' and ''b'', the algorithm runs in no more than 5''k'' steps, where ''k'' is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
École Des Ponts Et Chaussées
École may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France * École, Savoie, a French commune * École-Valentin, a French commune in the Doubs département * Grandes écoles, higher education establishments in France * The École The École, formerly 'École Internationale de New York, is an independent, French-American bilingual school serving an international community of '' Maternelle''-to-Middle School students in New York City’s Flatiron District. The École has ..., a French-American bilingual school in New York City Ecole may refer to: * Ecole Software, a Japanese video-games developer/publisher {{disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steam Engine
A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be transformed, by a connecting rod and crank, into rotational force for work. The term "steam engine" is generally applied only to reciprocating engines as just described, not to the steam turbine. Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In general usage, the term ''steam engine'' can refer to either complete steam plants (including boilers etc.), such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines, or may refer to the piston or turbine machinery alone, as in the beam engine and stationary steam engine. Although steam-driven devices were known as early as the aeo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pereire Brothers
Émile Pereire (3 December 1800, Bordeaux - 5 January 1875, Paris) and his brother Isaac Pereire (25 November 1806, Bordeaux – 12 July 1880, Gretz-Armainvilliers) were major figures in the development of France's finance and infrastructure during the Second French Empire. The Pereire brothers challenged the dominance of the Rothschilds in continental European finance, known at the time as ''haute finance''. Their attempt was temporarily successful, and even though it collapsed in the late 1860s, it contributed to a more developed and vibrant economic landscape. Like the Rothschilds, the Pereires were Jews, but unlike them, they were Sephardi of Portuguese origin. Family The brothers' grandfather was Jacob Rodrigues Pereira, one of the inventors of manual language for the deaf, who was born in Spain and established himself in France in 1741, where he became an interpreter for King Louis XV. Jacob Rodrigues Pereire (as he went by in French) married Miriam Lopès Dias, a Sephardi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Mayer De Rothschild
James Mayer de Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild (born Jakob Mayer Rothschild; 15 May 1792 – 15 November 1868) was a German-French banker and the founder of the French branch of the Rothschild family. Early life James de Rothschild was born in Frankfurt-am-Main, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the fifth son and youngest child of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812) and Guttle Schnapper (1753–1849). Career In 1812, he moved to Paris to co-ordinate the purchase of specie and bullion for his brother Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), and in 1814 and 1815 he was the linchpin in Nathan's plan to furnish Wellington's armies with funds. In 1817 he expanded the family banking empire to the city, opening De Rothschild Frères. By 1823 the Paris House was firmly established as banker to the French government. An adviser of ministers and kings, he became the most powerful banker in the country and following the Napoleonic Wars, played a major role in financing th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugène Flachat
Eugène Flachat (16 April 1802 – 16 June 1873 ) was a French civil engineer. Eugène Flachat and his half-brother Stéphane Mony built the railway line from Paris to Saint Germain( fr) between 1833 and 1835. They also built the Paris- Versailles Right Bank railway. Eugène Flachat built the first railroad station in Paris. He is remembered today for redesigning the Gare Saint-Lazare The Gare Saint-Lazare (English: St Lazarus station), officially Paris-Saint-Lazare, is one of the six large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France. It serves train services toward Normandy, northwest of Paris, along the Paris–Le Hav ... railway station in Paris in 1851 and other railroad related projects. He died in Arcachon. A street in Paris is named for him. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. References External links Rue Flachat Paris Engineers from Paris 1802 births 1873 deaths Burials at Montmartre Cemetery French railway civil engi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stéphane Mony
Stéphane Christophe Mony (or Stéphane Flachat, or Mony-Flachat, 14 February 1800 – 10 March 1884) was a French railway engineer, company president and politician. He was involved in the Saint-Simonian movement when a young man. He was trained as an engineer, and he and his half brother Eugène Flachat built the Paris-Saint Germain and Paris-Versailles railway lines between 1833 and 1840. He was then appointed head of the Commentry mining company, later Commentry-Fourchambault, a position he held until his death. He was elected to the legislature towards the end of the Second French Empire, from 1868 to 1870. He did not succeed in getting reelected in the French Third Republic. Family Stéphane Christophe Mony was born in Paris on 14 February 1800. He was the son of Marguerite Charlotte Marthe Mony, who had divorced the Paris notary Pierre Jalabert in November 1799. There was no mention of infidelity in the divorce proceedings, and his mother did not inform Jalabert of her pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Saint-Germain-en-Laye () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from the centre of Paris. Inhabitants are called ''Saint-Germanois'' or ''Saint-Germinois''. With its elegant tree-lined streets it is one of the more affluent suburbs of Paris, combining both high-end leisure spots and exclusive residential neighborhoods (see the Golden Triangle of the Yvelines). Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a sub-prefecture of the department. Because it includes the National Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, it covers approximately , making it the largest commune in the Yvelines. It occupies a large loop of the Seine. Saint-Germain-en-Laye lies at one of the western termini of Line A of the RER. History Saint-Germain-en-Laye was founded in 1020 when King Robert the Pious (ruled 996–1031) founded a convent on the site of the present Church of Saint-Germain. In 1688, James II of England exile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Versailles, Yvelines
Versailles () is a commune in the department of the Yvelines, Île-de-France, renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, from the centre of Paris, Versailles is a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and is a major tourist destination. According to the 2017 census, the population of the city is 85,862 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975.Population en historique depuis 1968 INSEE A founded at the will of King |
