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Bellevue Conference (September 11, 1917)
The Bellevue Conference of September 11, 1917, was a council of the German Imperial Crown convened in Berlin, at Bellevue Palace, Germany, Bellevue Palace,Fritz Fischer (historian), Fritz Fischer specifically mentions the "Bellevue conference of September 11, 1917". under the chairmanship of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm II. This meeting of civilians and military personnel was convened by German EmperorThe Constitution of the German Empire, German Imperial Constitution conferred the title of German Emperor on the Kingdom of Prussia, King of Prussia. Wilhelm II to determine the Imperial Reich's new war aims policy,Between 1871 and 1945, the official name of the Unification of Germany, German national state was ''Deutsches Reich'', later simply referred to as ''Reich''. in a context marked by the February Revolution and the publication of Pope Benedict XV's note on August 1, 1917; the question of the fate of Belgium, then almost totally occupied by the Reich, quickly focused the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bellevue Palace, Germany
Bellevue Palace (, ), located in Berlin's Tiergarten (Berlin), Tiergarten district, has been the official residence of the president of Germany since 1994. The schloss is situated on the banks of the Spree (river), Spree river, near the Berlin Victory Column, along the northern edge of the Großer Tiergarten park. Its namethe French for "beautiful view"derives from its scenic prospect over the Spree's course. Overview Designed by architect Michael Philipp Boumann (1747–1803), ''Schloss Bellevue'' was erected in 1786 as a residence for Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia, Master of the Knights of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg), Order of Saint John and youngest brother of King Frederick II of Prussia. There were preexisting structures on the site, including the manor house which King Frederick's architect Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff had built for himself in 1743, which was demolished, and a leather factory on the Spree river waterfront which was co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. Belgium covers an area of and has a population of more than 11.8 million; its population density of ranks List of countries and dependencies by population density, 22nd in the world and Area and population of European countries, sixth in Europe. The capital and Metropolitan areas in Belgium, largest metropolitan region is City of Brussels, Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven. Belgium is a parliamentary system, parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a complex Federation, federal system structured on regional and linguistic grounds. The country is divided into three highly autonomous Communities, regions and language areas o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strike Action
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike in British English, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to Working class, work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when Labour economics, mass labor became important in factories and mines. As striking became a more common practice, governments were often pushed to act (either by private business or by union workers). When government intervention occurred, it was rarely neutral or amicable. Early strikes were often deemed unlawful conspiracies or anti-competitive cartel action and many were subject to massive legal repression by state police, federal military power, and federal courts. Many Western nations legalized striking under certain conditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Occasionally, strikes destabilize the r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire In World War I
The Ottoman Empire was one of the Central Powers of World War I, allied with the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946), Bulgaria. It Ottoman entry into World War I, entered the war on 29 October 1914 with a small Black Sea raid, surprise attack on the Black Sea coast of the Russian Empire, prompting Russia—and Triple Entente, its allies, France and Great Britain—to declare war the following month. World War I had erupted almost exactly three months prior, on 28 July, following July Crisis, a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the Great power, major powers of Europe triggered by the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian throne, by Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. The Ottoman Empire, which had no stake in the immediate causes and consi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Austria-Hungary During World War I
World War I began when Austria-Hungary invaded Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia in July 1914, following the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers, along with the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Austro-Hungarian forces fought the Allies of World War I, Allies in Serbian campaign, Serbia, on the Eastern Front (World War I), Eastern Front, in Italian front (World War I), Italy, and in Romania. With heavy aid and support from its allies, the empire managed to occupy Serbia in 1915 and force Romania out of the war in 1917. On the other fronts, it suffered severe casualties, culminating in the collapse of the Italian front, which led the Austrians to accept the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. Prelude Sarajevo assassination On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited Sarajevo, the capital of the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (which had been Bosnian Crisis, annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alsace–Lorraine
Alsace–Lorraine (German language, German: ''Elsaß–Lothringen''), officially the Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine (), was a territory of the German Empire, located in modern-day France. It was established in 1871 by the German Empire after it had occupied the region during the Franco-Prussian War. The region was officially ceded to the German Empire in the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871), Treaty of Frankfurt. French Third Republic, French resentment about the loss of the territory was one of the contributing factors to World War I. Alsace–Lorraine was formally ceded back to France in 1920 as part of the Treaty of Versailles following Germany's defeat in the war, but already annexed in practice at the war's end in 1918. Geographically, Alsace–Lorraine encompassed most of Alsace and the Moselle (department), Moselle Departments of France, department of Lorraine. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River, east of the Vosges Mountains; t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugenio Pacelli
Pope Pius XII (; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death on 9 October 1958. He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name "Pius". The papacy of Pius XII was long, even by modern standards; it lasted almost 20 years, and spanned a consequential fifth of the 20th century. Pius was a diplomat pope during the destruction wrought by the Second World War, the recovery and rebuilding which followed, the beginning of the Cold War, and the early building of a new international geopolitical order, which aimed to protect human rights and maintain global peace through the establishment of international rules and institutions (such as the United Nations). Born, raised, educated, ordained, and resident for most of his life in Rome, his work in the Roman Curia—as a priest, then bishop, then cardinal—was extensive. He served as secreta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Bavaria
The Kingdom of Bavaria ( ; ; spelled ''Baiern'' until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918. With the unification of Germany into the German Empire in 1871, the kingdom became a federated state of the new empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the Kingdom of Prussia. The polity's foundation dates back to the ascension of Elector Maximilian IV Joseph of the House of Wittelsbach as King of Bavaria in 1806. The crown continued to be held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom came to an end in 1918. Most of the border of modern Germany's Free State of Bavaria was established after 1814 with the Treaty of Paris, in which the Kingdom of Bavaria ceded Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the Austrian Empire while receiving Aschaffenburg and Würzburg. In 1918, Bavaria became a republic after the German Revolution, and the kingdom was thus succeeded by the current Free State of Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuncio
An apostolic nuncio (; also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization. A nuncio is appointed by and represents the Holy See, and is the head of the diplomatic mission, called an apostolic nunciature, which is the equivalent of an embassy. The Holy See is legally distinct from the Vatican City or the Catholic Church. In modern times, a nuncio is usually an Archbishop. An apostolic nuncio is generally equivalent in rank to that of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, although in Catholic countries the nuncio often ranks above ambassadors in diplomatic protocol. A nuncio performs the same functions as an ambassador and has the same diplomatic privileges. Under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, to which the Holy See is a party, a nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country. The Vienn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kreuznach Conference (April 23, 1917)
The Kreuznach Conference refers to a series of conferences held in 1917 in Bad Kreuznach, then the headquarters of the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL), the German Supreme Army Command. The first Kreuznach Conference, held on April 23, 1917, brought together the political and military leaders of the Reich to define the war aims of the Reich, which was then occupying a significant portion of Europe. The second conference, held between May 17 and 18, 1917, was a meeting between the German Emperor, Wilhelm II, and the Austrian Emperor, King of Hungary Charles. This was the first meeting between the two leaders since the enthronement of the Austro-Hungarian monarch on November 22, 1916. The objective of this conference was to establish a unified framework for the Central Powers' policy.{{cite journal , last1=Snell , first1=John L. , date=1951 , title=Benedict XV, Wilson, Michaelis, and German Socialism , url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25015254 , journal=The Catholic Historical Review ''Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dioscuri (World War I)
During World War I, the term Dioscuri was used to refer to the OHL duo of Erich Ludendorff and Paul von Hindenburg, after the Dioscuri of Greek mythology. These two soldiers, emboldened by their success against the Russians, exercised full military power in the Reich from 1916. The dismissal of Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg on July 19, 1917, marked a milestone in the rise of the two soldiers, who gradually imposed their vision of managing the conflict on Kaiser Wilhelm II, forcing him to establish a military dictatorship disguised by the institutions of the Reich.Between the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 and its dissolution in 1945, the official name of the German state was ''Deutsches Reich'', the legal term for the Reich. Circumstances surrounding the duo's creation Success on the Eastern Front By the end of 1915, the two leaders of the Eastern Front had emerged as credible successors to Erich von Falkenhayn as Chief of the General Staff of the Kaiserliche He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berlin Conference (August 14, 1917)
The Berlin Conference of August 14, 1917, was a German–Austro-Hungarian Diplomatics, diplomatic meeting to define the policy of the Central Powers following the publication of the Papal Note of August 1, 1917. Since April of the previous year, the Reich government members sought to impose unrealistic war aims and to require their Austro-Hungarian counterparts, who were governing a History of Austria-Hungary during World War I, monarchy drained by the prolonged conflict, to share the European conquests of the Central Powers. The objective was to bring the dual monarchy under strict German control. Context Divisions ratified in Bad Kreuznach Since the April 23, 1917 conference, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff had been pressuring the Chancellor to enact the program of war goals established at that meeting. During their initial meeting with the new Chancellor, Georg Michaelis, on August 9, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff revealed this text and, after a detaile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
