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Base Bleed
Base bleed or base burn (BB) is a system used on some artillery shells to increase range, typically by about 20%–35%. It expels gas into the low-pressure area behind the shell to reduce Drag (physics), base drag (but does not produce thrust, unlike rocket-assisted projectile, rocket-assisted projectiles). Being percentage-based, the range extension is more useful on longer-range artillery where an increase of approximately can be achieved, and it also was found that the reduced turbulence gave the projectiles a more consistent trajectory, resulting in tighter grouping, and efficient shelling more than away. Base bleed technology was developed in Sweden in the mid-1960s but took some time to spread and find its niche between cheaper classical ordnance and even more expensive rocket-assisted projectiles. It is now a fairly common option. Function Most (50–60%) of the drag (physics), drag on an artillery shell derives from the nose portion of the shell. Artillery shells ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swedish National Defence Research Institute
Swedish National Defence Research Institute (, FOA) was a Swedish government agency in defense research existing from 1945 to 31 December 2000. It was amalgamated with the National Aeronautical Research Institute (FFA) into the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) which was established on 1 January 2001. History The National Defence Research Institute (FOA) was established in 1945 (Instruction TS C:II No. 24), and took over operations at the Swedish Armed Forces Chemical Institute (''Försvarsväsendets kemiska anstalt'', FKA), the Military Physics Institute and the Telecommunications Technical Working Group of the Swedish Board of Inventions (''Statens uppfinnarnämnds teletekniska arbetsgrupp'', SUN), that is, essentially all technical and scientific research outside the industry. FOA was organized in three research departments, FOA 1 chemistry/medicine, FOA 2 general physics and FOA 3 telecommunications and an office. In 1959 FOA 4 (nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rocket-assisted Projectile
A rocket-assisted projectile (RAP) is a cannon, howitzer, Mortar (weapon), mortar, or recoilless rifle round incorporating a rocket motor for independent propulsion. This gives the projectile greater speed and range than a non-assisted Ballistics, ballistic shell, which is propelled only by the gun's exploding charge. Some forms of rocket-assisted projectiles can be outfitted with a laser guide for greater accuracy. History The German 15 cm sFH 18 howitzer was the first artillery piece to make use of RAP rounds with the objective of replacing the 10 cm schwere Kanone 18 by making the howitzer range equal or superior to the 10 cm sK 18, freeing up production capacity for more important weapons. Issued in 1941, the 15cm R Gr 19 FES shell achieved a maximum range of , but it wasn't entirely successful and withdrawn from service shortly after. Ultimately, it proved to be a little more than an experimental design: the instruction manuals and warnings included did nothing to imbue the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerald Bull
Gerald Vincent Bull (March 9, 1928 – March 22, 1990) was a Canadian engineer who developed long-range artillery. He moved from project to project in his quest to economically launch a satellite using a space gun, huge artillery piece, to which end he designed the Project Babylon "Supergun affair, supergun" for Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq. Bull was assassinated outside his apartment in Brussels, Belgium, in March 1990. His assassination is believed to be the work of the Mossad over his work for the Ba'athist Iraq, Iraqi government. No person has ever been charged with his murder. Early life Gerald Vincent Bull was born in North Bay, Ontario, Canada, to George L. Toussaint Bull, a solicitor, and Gertrude Isabelle (née LaBrosse) Bull. George Bull was from a family from the Trenton, Ontario, Trenton area and had moved to North Bay in 1903 to start a law firm. As a Roman Catholic, LaBrosse would have been forbidden from marrying Bull, an Anglican. George converted to Roman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Space Research Corporation
Space Research Corporation was a corporation founded by Gerald Bull, after the budget for his research at Project HARP for the United States and Canadian federal governments was cut in 1967, in order to commercialize the technology of long-range artillery. Project HARP's assets were then given to the newly formed SRC. SRC also focused on a range of artillery systems. Following the supply of arms to South Africa in 1977 in contravention of the UN embargo on the apartheid regime, Bull was jailed and the SRC was liquidated. The main facility of SRC was , straddling the Canada–United States border between Highwater, Quebec, and Jay, Vermont. Affiliated companies included: SRCQ (SRC Quebec); Shefford Electronics Corp (SEC of Granby, Quebec); SRCI; Paragon; PRB (Belgian corporation); and SRCB (SRC Belgium). Background In the mid-1950s, Bull was working on Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) and Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) research at the Canadian Armaments and Research De ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
12 Cm Tornautomatpjäs M/70
The 12 cm tornautomatpjäs m/70 ("12 cm automatic turret gun model 1970"), also known as ERSTA (''Ersättning Tungt Artilleri'' or "Replacement Heavy Artillery") was developed to defend vital points like seaports from enemy landing ships, as well as area denial and fire support, even on a nuclear battlefield. Due to political cost-cutting requirements, the number of 12/70 batteries built in Sweden was limited to six. For the same reason, some protection aspects were abandoned. History In the 1960s, the Swedish Coastal Artillery sought to replace several older heavy artillery systems. A study called ERSTA (''Ersättning Tungt Artilleri'' – "Replacement Heavy Artillery") was initiated to ascertain which alternative (conventional artillery, rocket artillery or missiles) would be best for heavy coastal defense. The ERSTA study The ERSTA study was a 1960s Swedish coastal defense study aimed at determining what would become the next heavy coastal defense system. A 120 m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aerodynamic Drag
In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, is a force acting opposite to the direction of motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers, two solid surfaces, or between a fluid and a solid surface. Drag forces tend to decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path. Unlike other resistive forces, drag force depends on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the relative velocity for low-speed flow and is proportional to the velocity squared for high-speed flow. This distinction between low and high-speed flow is measured by the Reynolds number. Drag is instantaneously related to vorticity dynamics through the Josephson-Anderson relation. Examples Examples of drag include: * Net force, Net Aerodynamic force, aerodynamic or Fluid dynamics, hydrodynamic force: Drag acting opposite to the direction of movement of a solid object such as cars, aircraft, and boat hulls. * Viscou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rocket Assisted Projectile
A rocket-assisted projectile (RAP) is a cannon, howitzer, mortar, or recoilless rifle round incorporating a rocket motor for independent propulsion. This gives the projectile greater speed and range than a non-assisted ballistic shell, which is propelled only by the gun's exploding charge. Some forms of rocket-assisted projectiles can be outfitted with a laser guide for greater accuracy. History The German 15 cm sFH 18 howitzer was the first artillery piece to make use of RAP rounds with the objective of replacing the 10 cm schwere Kanone 18 by making the howitzer range equal or superior to the 10 cm sK 18, freeing up production capacity for more important weapons. Issued in 1941, the 15cm R Gr 19 FES shell achieved a maximum range of , but it wasn't entirely successful and withdrawn from service shortly after. Ultimately, it proved to be a little more than an experimental design: the instruction manuals and warnings included did nothing to imbue the users with confidence in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defence Materiel Administration (Sweden)
The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (, FMV) is a Swedish government agency that reports to the Ministry of Defence. The agency is responsible for the supply of materiel to the Swedish defence organisation. It is located in Stockholm. Directors General since 1968 *1968–1975: Sten Wåhlin *1974–1982: Ove Ljung *1982–1988: Carl-Olof Ternryd *1988–1995: Per Borg *1995–2005: Birgitta Böhlin *2005–2012: Gunnar Holmgren *2012–2015: Lena Erixon *2015–2016: Dan Ohlsson (acting) *2016–present: Göran Mårtensson See also *Government agencies in Sweden The government agencies in Sweden are state-controlled organizations that act independently to carry out the policies of the Government of Sweden. The ministries are relatively small and merely policy-making organizations, allowed to monitor the ... References External links * 1968 establishments in Sweden Defence agencies of Sweden Government agencies established in 1968 Government agencies of S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thrust
Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's third law. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction to be applied to that system. The force applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular or normal to the surface is also called thrust. Force, and thus thrust, is measured using the International System of Units (SI) in newtons (symbol: N), and represents the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 meter per second per second. In mechanical engineering, force orthogonal to the main load (such as in parallel helical gears) is referred to as static thrust. Examples A fixed-wing aircraft propulsion system generates forward thrust when air is pushed in the direction opposite to flight. This can be done by different means such as the spinning blades of a propeller, the propelling jet of a jet engine, or by ejecting hot gases f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
