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Barbara Pauli
Barbara Suzanne Pauli (1752 or 1753 – fl. 1780) was a Swedish fashion trader. She belonged to the most successful business entrepreneurs of Stockholm and described as the center figure of Stockholm fashion trade during the Gustavian age. Life Barbara Pauli was reportedly of French origin, daughter of the French court jeweler Pierre Pauli. In October 1775, she was given royal permission to open a fashion shop in Stockholm and manufacture, import and sell fashion items. She was at that point 22 or 23 years old and unmarried. Her trade permit was given by the crown, and was thereby in fact a dispensation over the objection of the head of the Silk- and Clothing Guild. It was common for women in Stockholm to be given a dispensation by the crown to manage a business. Such permits were otherwise normally issued by the guilds, and it was hard for women to obtain a trade permit from a guild because it was difficult (albeit not impossible) for them to become guild members, so most busines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Floruit
''Floruit'' ( ; usually abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for 'flourished') denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indicating the time when someone flourished. Etymology and use is the third-person singular perfect active indicative of the Latin verb ', ' "to bloom, flower, or flourish", from the noun ', ', "flower". Broadly, the term is employed in reference to the peak of activity for a person or movement. More specifically, it often is used in genealogy and historical writing when a person's birth or death dates are unknown, but some other evidence exists that indicates when they were alive. For example, if there are Will (law), wills Attestation clause, attested by John Jones in 1204 and 1229, as well as a record of his marriage in 1197, a record concerning him might be written as "John Jones (fl. 1197–1229)", even though Jones was born before ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |