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Aşkale
Aşkale is a town and district of the Erzurum province of Turkey. The mayor is Enver Başaran (AKP). The population is 12,509 (as of 2010). Kandilli Ski Resort, which hosts cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions at some international winter sports events, is situated in Aşkale. Labour camps for non-Muslims In 1942, the Varlık Vergisi (, "wealth tax" or "capital tax") was imposed on the minority non-Muslim citizens of Turkey (mainly Jews, Greeks, Armenians, and Levantines. Those unable to pay had to work off their debt in labor camp A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especi ...s in Aşkale. Five thousand were sent to the Aşkale labor camp. The law was repealed on 15 March 1944, and minority citizens who were at the labour camps were sent back to their homes. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aşkale Labor Camp
Aşkale Labor Camp is a labor camp established in Aşkale for taxpayers who do not fully and timely pay the extraordinary wealth tax enacted with the 'Varlık vergisi The Varlık Vergisi (, "wealth tax" or "capital tax") was a tax mostly levied on non-Muslim citizens in Turkey in 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into World War II. The underlying r ...' in Turkey, dated 11 November 1942 and numbered 4305. With the law enacted in November 1942, a process that particularly affected minorities in Turkey. Those who could not pay the determined debts within a month were sent to the labor camps in Aşkale and Erzurum, where they were employed in various jobs. In January 1943, the first convoy went to Aşkale by train for the labor camps to which they would be sent. Due to the number of the first non-Turkic convoys arriving in Aşkale, space problems arose, and the convoys were sent to Erzurum. Taxpayers staying in Aşkale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kandilli Ski Resort
Kandilli Ski Resort ( tr, Kandilli Kayak Merkezi) is a ski resort for cross-country skiing and biathlon in Erzurum Province, eastern Turkey. The ski resort is located in Aşkale district, west of Erzurum. It was established in 2010 for the 2011 Winter Universiade. It covers an area of at elevations between above mean sea level. The resort is open to the public the year around. Kandilli Ski Resort features long cross-country skiing trails, long sprint tracks as well as a ski stadium. The -long sprint track is wide with a maximum climbing difference. International events hosted * 2011 Winter Universiade The XXV Winter Universiade, took place in Erzurum, Turkey between 27 January to 6 February. Erzurum is the city at the highest altitude in Turkey, at , and has over 320 cultural landmarks. Located in Eastern Anatolia Region, it is a city on the tr ..., 27 January – 6 February – snowboarding and freestyle skiing competitions. * 2017 European Youth Olympic Winter Fest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varlık Vergisi
The Varlık Vergisi (, "wealth tax" or "capital tax") was a tax mostly levied on non-Muslim citizens in Turkey in 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into World War II. The underlying reason for the tax was to inflict financial ruin on the minority non-Muslim citizens of the country, end their prominence in the country's economy and transfer the assets of non-Muslims to the Muslim bourgeoisie. It was a discriminatory measure which taxed non-Muslims up to ten times more heavily and resulted in a significant amount of wealth and property being transferred to Muslims. Background The bill for the one-off tax was proposed by the Şükrü Saracoğlu government, and the act was adopted by the Turkish parliament on November 11, 1942. It was imposed on the fixed assets, such as landed estates, building owners, real estate brokers, businesses, and industrial enterprises of all citizens, but especially targeted the minorities. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erzurum Province
Erzurum Province ( tr, Erzurum ili) is a province of Turkey in the Eastern Anatolia Region of the country. The capital of the province is the city of Erzurum. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to the northeast. Okay Memiş was appointed as the governor of the province by a presidential decree on 27 October 2018. The province has an overall Turkish-majority. Geography The surface area of the province of Erzurum is the fourth biggest in Turkey. The majority of the province is elevated. Most plateaus are about above sea level, and the mountainous regions beyond the plateaus are and higher. Depression plains are located between the mountains and plateaus. The southern mountain ranges include the Palandöken Mountains (highest peak Büyük Ejder high) and the Şahveled Mountains (highest peak Çakmak Mountain high). The northern mountain ranges a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provinces Of Turkey
Turkey is divided into 81 provinces ( tr, il). Each province is divided into a number of districts (). Each provincial government is seated in the central district (). For non- metropolitan municipality designated provinces, the central district bears the name of the province (e.g. the city/district of Rize is the central district of Rize Province). Each province is administered by an appointed governor () from the Ministry of the Interior. List of provinces Below is a list of the 81 provinces of Turkey, sorted according to their license plate codes. Initially, the order of the codes matched the alphabetical order of the province names. After Zonguldak (code 67), the ordering is not alphabetical, but in the order of the creation of provinces, as these provinces were created more recently and thus their plate numbers were assigned after the initial set of codes had been assigned. Codes The province's ISO code suffix number, the first two digits of the vehicle registra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenians In Turkey
Armenians in Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Ermenileri; hy, Թուրքահայեր, also Թրքահայեր, "Turkish Armenians"), one of the indigenous peoples of Turkey, have an estimated population of 50,000 to 70,000, down from a population of over 2 million Armenians between the years 1914 and 1921. Today, the overwhelming majority of Turkish Armenians are concentrated in Istanbul. They support their own newspapers, churches and schools, and the majority belong to the Armenian Apostolic faith and a minority of Armenians in Turkey belong to the Armenian Catholic Church or to the Armenian Evangelical Church. Until the Armenian genocide of 1915, most of the Armenian population of Turkey (then the Ottoman Empire) lived in the eastern parts of the country that Armenians call Western Armenia (roughly corresponding to the modern Eastern Anatolia Region). History Armenians living in Turkey today are a remnant of what was once a much larger community that existed for thousands of years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Populated Places In Erzurum Province
Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using a census, a process of collecting, analysing, compiling, and publishing data regarding a population. Perspectives of various disciplines Social sciences In sociology and population geography, population refers to a group of human beings with some predefined criterion in common, such as location, race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion. Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of populations. Ecology In ecology, a population is a group of organisms of the same species who inhabit the same particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding. The area of a sexual population is the area where inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labor Camp
A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especially prison farms). Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators. Convention no. 105 of the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO), adopted internationally on 27 June 1957, abolished camps of forced labor. In the 20th century, a new category of labor camps developed for the imprisonment of millions of people who were not criminals ''per se'', but political opponents (real or imagined) and various so-called undesirables under communist and fascist regimes. Some of those camps were dubbed "reeducation facilities" for political coercion, but most others served as backbones of industry and agriculture for the benefit of the state, especially in times of war. Precursors Early-modern states could exploit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levantines (Latin Christians)
The Latin Church in the Middle East represents members of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in the Middle East, notably in Turkey and the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan). ''Latin Catholics'' are subject to the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem and employ the Latin liturgical rites, in contrast to Eastern Catholics who fall under their respective church's patriarchs and employ distinct Eastern liturgical rites, while being in full communion with the worldwide Catholic Church. Latin Catholics in the Middle East are often of European descent. Depending on the specific area in question, due to their cultural heritage descending from Catholics who lived under the Ottoman Empire, they are sometimes referred to as ''Levantines'', , or ''Franco-Levantines'' ( ar, شوام; French: ''Levantins''; Italian: ''Levantini''; Greek: Φραγκολεβαντίνοι ''Frankolevantini''; Turkish: ''Levantenler'' or ''Tatlısu Frenkleri'') after Frankokratia. A distin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dhimmi
' ( ar, ذمي ', , collectively ''/'' "the people of the covenant") or () is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. The word literally means "protected person", referring to the state's obligation under ''sharia'' to protect the individual's life, property, as well as freedom of religion, in exchange for loyalty to the state and payment of the ''jizya'' tax, in contrast to the ''zakat'', or obligatory alms, paid by the Muslim subjects. ''Dhimmi'' were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims if they paid the poll tax (''jizya'') but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation. Historically, dhimmi status was originally applied to Jews, Christians, and Sabians, who are considered to be "People of the Book" in Islamic theology. This status later also came to be applied to Zoroastrians, Sikhs, Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists. Jews and Christians were required to pay the ''jizyah'' wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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