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Allanzu
Allanzu, later known under the name Alasuwa, was a Hurrian goddess regarded as a daughter of Ḫepat. She was described as a youthful deity and in known texts often appears in association with her mother and siblings. She was also worshiped by Hittites and Luwians. Character and associations with other deities Allanzu's status as a youthful deity is regarded as her primary characteristic. She could be referred to as the young woman of Ḫepat, '' dḪepat=(v)e šiduri''. Andrew R. George states that the term '' šiduri'' is particularly well attested as her epithet. She was regarded as a daughter of Ḫepat and Teshub. Gary Beckman tentatively suggests that similarly to how under Hurrian influence Teshub could take place of the Hittite weather god Tarḫunna in Hittite sources, and Ḫepat of the Sun goddess of Arinna, Mezulla might have been associated with Allanzu in an analogous manner. In Hurrian tradition Allanzu formed a dyad with her mother, and they could receive offe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrian Goddess
The Hurrian pantheon consisted of gods of varied backgrounds, some of them natively Hurrian, while others adopted from other pantheons, for example Eblaite and Mesopotamian. Like the other inhabitants of the Ancient Near East, Hurrians regarded their gods as anthropomorphic. They were usually represented in the form of statues holding the symbols associated with a specific deity. The Yazılıkaya sanctuary, which was Hittite in origin but served as a center of the practice of Hurrian religion, is considered a valuable source of information about their iconography. Hurrians organized their gods into lists known as ''kaluti'' or into similar lexical lists The cuneiform lexical lists are a series of ancient Mesopotamian glossaries which preserve the semantics of Sumerograms, their phonetic value and their Akkadian or other language equivalents. They are the oldest literary texts from Mesopotamia ... as the Mesopotamians. The formal structure of the pantheon was most likely bas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siduri
Siduri, or more accurately Šiduri (Shiduri), is a character in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. She is described as an alewife. The oldest preserved version of the composition to contain the episode involving her leaves her nameless, and in the later standard edition compiled by Sîn-lēqi-unninni her name only appears in a single line. She is named Naḫmazulel or Naḫmizulen in the preserved fragments of Hurrian and Hittite translations. It has been proposed that her name in the standard edition is derived from an epithet applied to her by the Hurrian translator, ''šiduri'', "young woman." An alternate proposal instead connects it with the Akkadian personal name Šī-dūrī, "she is my protection." In all versions of the myth in which she appears, she offers advice to the hero, but the exact contents of the passage vary. Possible existence of Biblical and Greek reflections of the Šiduri passage is a subject of scholarly debate. In other contexts, the epithet ''šiduri'' could refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrian Religion
The Hurrian religion was the polytheistic religion of the Hurrians, a Bronze Age people of the Near East who chiefly inhabited the north of the Fertile Crescent. While the oldest evidence goes back to the third millennium BCE, is best attested in cuneiform sources from the second millennium BCE written not only in the Hurrian language, but also Akkadian language, Akkadian, Hittite language, Hittite and Ugaritic. It was shaped by the contacts between Hurrians and various cultures they coexisted with. As a result, the Hurrian pantheon included both natively Hurrian deities and those of foreign origin, adopted from List of Mesopotamian deities, Mesopotamian, Syrian (chiefly Eblaite and Ugaritic religion, Ugaritic), Anatolian and Elamite beliefs. The culture of the Hurrians were not entirely homogeneous, and different local religious traditions are documented in sources from Hurrian kingdoms such as Arrapha, Kizzuwatna and Mitanni, as well as from cities with sizeable Hurrian populatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarḫunna
Tarḫunna or Tarḫuna/i was the Hittite weather god. He was also referred to as the "Weather god of Heaven" or the "Lord of the Land of Hatti". Name Tarḫunna is a cognate of the Hittite verb ''tarḫu-zi'', "to prevail, conquer, be powerful, be able, defeat"; from the Proto-Anatolian weather god ''*Tṛḫu-ent-,'' "conquering"; ultimately from PIE ''*terh₂-'', "to cross over, pass through, overcome". The same name was used in almost all Anatolian languages: Luwian '' Tarḫunz-''; Carian ''Trquδ-''; Milyan ''Trqqñt-'', and Lycian: ''Trqqas'' (A), ''Trqqiz'' (B). Norbert Oettinger has argued that the functions of the Anatolian weather god ultimately come from the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwunos, but that they did not preserve the old name to coin instead the new epithet ''Tṛḫu-ent-'' ("conquering"), which sounded close to the name of the Hattian Storm-god ''Taru''. Role As weather god, Tarḫunna was responsible for the various manifestations of the we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takitu
Takitu, Takiti or Daqitu was a Hurrian goddess who served as the sukkal (attendant deity) of Ḫepat. She appears alongside her mistress in a number of Hurrian myths, in which she is portrayed as her closest confidante. Her name is usually assumed to have its origin in a Semitic language, though a possible Hurrian etymology has also been proposed. She was worshiped in Hattusa, Lawazantiya and Ugarit. Name Multiple spellings of Takitu's name are attested in Hurrian and Hittite texts, alternating between ''ta'' and ''tu'' and ''da'' and ''du'', which results in alternate forms such as Dakitu or Dakidu. In the Ugaritic alphabetic script it was spelled as ''dqt''. Dennis Pardee vocalizes this form as Daqqītu, while Daniel Schwmer as Daqitu. On the basis of the Ugaritic form of the name it has been proposed that it was derived from the Semitic root ''dqq'', "small." Meindert Dijkstra instead suggested that it might be connected with the Hurrian word ''taki'', "beautiful." Chara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adamma (goddess)
Adamma was a goddess from the pantheon of Ebla, later incorporated into Hurrian religion. Origin Alfonso Archi, a researcher of Eblaite culture and religion, considers Adamma to most likely be one of the Syrian deity names with origins in a pre- Semitic and pre-Hurrian substratum, much like Hadabal, Ishara, Kura or Aštabi. Another possibility he considers is that her name was derived from the root *''ʾdm'', meaning "blood" or "red." Francesco Aspesi derives it from the Hebrew Adamah, the word for "(red) soil, earth". SEL 13 (1996) 33-40. Hittitologist Piotr Taracha also considers her to be a "Syrian substrate" deity incorporated into Hur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šuwala
Shuwala (Šuwala) was a Hurrian goddess who was regarded as the tutelary deity of Mardaman, a Hurrian city in the north of modern Iraq. She was also worshiped in other Hurrian centers, such as Nuzi and Alalakh, as well as in Ur in Mesopotamia, Hattusa in the Hittites, Hittite Empire and in the Syrian cities Emar and Ugarit. An association between her and the goddess Nabarbi is present in many Hurrian documents. It is also assumed that she was an underworld goddess, and she frequently appears alongside other deities of such character, Allani and dU.GUR, possibly a logographic spelling of the name of Nergal. Name Multiple writings of the name are attested: ''šu-a-la'' in documents from Ur from the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ur III period, ''šu-u-wa-a-la'', ''šu-u-wa-la'', ''šu-u-wa-u-la'', ''šu-wa-a-l''a and ''šu-wa-la'' in Hurro-Hittite documents from Hattusa; and ''ṯwl'' in a Hurrian text from Ugarit written in the local Ugaritic alphabet, alphabetic script. The variety of spel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nabarbi
Nabarbi was a Hurrian goddess worshiped in the proximity of the river Khabur, especially in the city Taite. It has been proposed that she was associated with the Syrian goddess Belet Nagar. Name Attested spellings of the name include '' dNa-bar-bi'', ''dNa-a-bar-bi'', ''dNa-a-bar-wi'', ''dNa-wa-ar-we'' and ''dNa-bar-''WA. The name is formed he same way as that of Kumarbi. The structure of these two names has been used as an argument in favor of restoring the name ''Ḫrḫb'' from the Ugaritic myth ''Marriage of Nikkal and Yarikh'', written in the local alphabetic script, as Ḫiriḫibi, "he of the mountain Ḫiriḫ(i)," as both this god, and the myth itself are assumed to have Hurrian origin. On the same basis it has been argued that the god Aštabi had Hurrian origin. However, subsequent research has shown that the original spelling of the name was Aštabil, and that the god was already worshiped in Ebla before the arrival of Hurrians in Syria. Today it is instead ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allani
Allani, also known under the Akkadian name Allatu (or Allatum) was the Hurrian goddess of the underworld, incorporated into Hittite and Mesopotamian pantheons as well. Name and epithets The name Allani is derived from a Hurrian word meaning "lady." Giving gods simple epithet-like names like Allani or Shaushka ("the great") was common in Hurrian culture. In 1980 Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that Allatum, who he understood as the same deity as Ereshkigal in origin, was in origin the feminine counterpart, and possibly wife, of the minor Sumerian underworld god Alla. Alla was worshiped in Esagi, a settlement whose location remains unknown, and he is also attested as the sukkal (attendant deity) of Ningishzida. However, Gernot Wilhelm already noted in 1989 that no convincing Akkadian etymology has been proposed for the name Allatum, and it is now agreed that it was a derivative of Allani. In Emar, an ancient city in Syria, both the spellings Allani and Allatu were used. All ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puduḫepa
Puduḫepa or Pudu-Kheba (fl. 13th century BC) was a Hittite queen, her companion being the King Hattusili III. She has been referred to as "one of the most influential women known from the Ancient Near East." Biography Early life and marriage Puduḫepa was born at the beginning of the 13th century BC in the city of Lawazantiya in Kizzuwatna (i.e. Cilicia, a region south of the Hittite kingdom). Her father Bentepsharri was the head priest of the tutelary divinity of the city, Shaushka (identified with the Mesopotamian Ishtar), and Puduḫepa grew up to exercise the function of priestess of this same goddess. On his return from the Battle of Kadesh, the Hittite general Hattusili met Puduḫepa and, it was said, Ishtar instructed him to find in her love and companionship, decreeing that they would enjoy the 'love of being a spouse to each other.' She accompanied him then to the kingdom of Hapissa. For Puduḫepa it was an advantageous match. Although Hattusili was most likely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kubaba (goddess)
Kubaba was a Syrian goddess associated particularly closely with Alalakh and Carchemish. She was adopted into the Hurrian and Hittite pantheons as well. After the fall of the Hittite empire, she continued to be venerated by Luwians. Name The precise linguistic origin of Kubaba's name is unknown, but it is assumed it was not Semitic. She was likely one of the deities belonging to a linguistic and religious substrate from ancient Syria, similar to Ishara. However, unlike other such deities, Kubaba is not attested in documents from Ebla. Typical forms of the name include ''dKu-ba-ba'' and, in Hittite sources, ''dKu-pa-pa''. The alphabetic Ugaritic spelling was ''kbb'', while hieroglyphic Luwian - (DEUS)''ku''-AVIS. Aramaic texts also spell the name as ''kbb''. A connection between her and the similarly named legendary Sumerian queen Kubaba of Kish, while commonly proposed, cannot be established due to spatial and temporal differences. Spelling of the name of the latter alte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maliya
Maliya was a goddess worshiped by Hittites in the Bronze Age. She was most likely a deified river in origin, but she was also associated with gardens and with artisanship, specifically with leatherworking and carpentry. The oldest attestations of her have been identified in the Old Assyrian texts from Kanesh. This city continued to be associated with her in later tradition, though she was also worshiped in Hattusa and elsewhere in the Hittite Empire. She is also present in texts originating in Kizzuwatna, which indicate she had a temple in Kummanni, where she was worshiped alongside various Hurrian deities. It is assumed that a similarly named goddess attested in Lycian texts from the first millennium BCE corresponds to earlier Hittite Maliya. She was worshiped in Rhodiapolis and in other cities in Lycia, and might have been a war goddess. Malis, known from Lydian sources and from references in Greek literature, is also assumed to be a derivative of Maliya by most authors. A te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
