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Akkermansia
''Akkermansia'' is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota ( Bacteria). The genus was first proposed by Derrien '' et al.'' (2004), with the type species ''Akkermansia muciniphila'' (gen. nov., sp. nov). Etymology The name ''Akkermansia'' derives from:New Latin feminine gender noun ''Akkermansia'', named after Anton Dirk Louis Akkermans (28 October 1940 – 21 August 2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology. Until 2016 the genus contained a single known species, namely '' A. muciniphila'' (Derrien ''et al''. 2004, (type species of the genus).; New Latin neuter gender noun ''mucinum'', mucin; New Latin adjective ''philus'' from Greek adjective ''philos (φίλος)'' meaning friend, loving; New Latin feminine gender adjective ''muciniphila'', mucin-loving). However, de Vos ''et al.'' isolated a novel species in the feces of a reticulated python, ''Akkermansia glycaniphila''. Description of ''Akkermansia'' gen. nov. ''Akkerman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkermansia Intestinavium
''Akkermansia'' is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota (Bacteria). The genus was first proposed by Derrien '' et al.'' (2004), with the type species '' Akkermansia muciniphila'' (gen. nov., sp. nov). Etymology The name ''Akkermansia'' derives from:New Latin feminine gender noun ''Akkermansia'', named after Anton Dirk Louis Akkermans (28 October 1940 – 21 August 2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology. Until 2016 the genus contained a single known species, namely '' A. muciniphila'' (Derrien ''et al''. 2004, (type species of the genus).; New Latin neuter gender noun ''mucinum'', mucin; New Latin adjective ''philus'' from Greek adjective ''philos (φίλος)'' meaning friend, loving; New Latin feminine gender adjective ''muciniphila'', mucin-loving). However, de Vos ''et al.'' isolated a novel species in the feces of a reticulated python, '' Akkermansia glycaniphila''. Description of ''Akkermansia'' gen. nov. ''Akkermansia'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkermansia Intestinigallinarum
''Akkermansia'' is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota (Bacteria). The genus was first proposed by Derrien '' et al.'' (2004), with the type species '' Akkermansia muciniphila'' (gen. nov., sp. nov). Etymology The name ''Akkermansia'' derives from:New Latin feminine gender noun ''Akkermansia'', named after Anton Dirk Louis Akkermans (28 October 1940 – 21 August 2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology. Until 2016 the genus contained a single known species, namely '' A. muciniphila'' (Derrien ''et al''. 2004, (type species of the genus).; New Latin neuter gender noun ''mucinum'', mucin; New Latin adjective ''philus'' from Greek adjective ''philos (φίλος)'' meaning friend, loving; New Latin feminine gender adjective ''muciniphila'', mucin-loving). However, de Vos ''et al.'' isolated a novel species in the feces of a reticulated python, '' Akkermansia glycaniphila''. Description of ''Akkermansia'' gen. nov. ''Akkermansia'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkermansia Muciniphila
''Akkermansia muciniphila'' is a human intestinal symbiont, isolated from human feces. It is a mucin-degrading bacterium belonging to the genus, ''Akkermansia'', discovered in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and Willem de Vos at Wageningen University of the Netherlands. It belongs to the phylum Verrucomicrobiota and its type strain is MucT (=ATCC BAA-835T =CIP 107961T). There is growing evidence to suggest that the prevalence of this bacteria is associated with intestinal homeostasis, immunity and a healthy gut. Extensive research is being undertaken to also understand its association with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation. It is also being developed as a next-generation probiotic. There are also studies showing that excessive enrichment of ''A. muciniphila'' in some cases may exacerbate intestinal inflammation. Recently, ''A. muciniphila'' strain Urmite became the first (evidently) unculturable bacterial strain to be sequenced in its entirety entirely from a human stool sample. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkermansia Glycaniphila
''Akkermansia glycanphila'' is a species of intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. It was first isolated from reticulated python ('' Malayopython reticulatus'') feces in 2016. Etymology The genus was named for Antoon DL Akkermans (1940–2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology, and the epithet from the New Latin and Greek meaning "glycan-loving". Biology and biochemistry ''A. glycaniphila'', like, '' A. muciniphila'' is Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped bacterium. The typestrain is PytT (=DSM100705T=CIP 110913T). ''A. glycaniphila'' is able to use mucin as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen. It is culturable under the same conditions as ''A. muciniphilia'', (anaerobic conditions on medium containing gastric mucin). When grown on soft agar mucin medium, colonies appear white with a diameter of 0.7mm. The long axis of single cells is 0.6–1.0 μm. Cells are covered with filaments, and occur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verrucomicrobiota
Verrucomicrobiota is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that contains only a few described species. The species identified have been isolated from fresh water, marine and soil environments and human faeces. A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes. Verrucomicrobiota are abundant within the environment, though relatively inactive. This phylum is considered to have two sister phyla: Chlamydiota (formerly Chlamydiae) and Lentisphaerota (formerly Lentisphaerae) within the PVC superphylum. The Verrucomicrobiota phylum can be distinguished from neighbouring phyla within the PVC group by the presence of several conserved signature indels (CSIs). These CSIs represent unique, synapomorphic characteristics that suggest common ancestry within Verrucomicrobiota and an independent lineage amidst other bacteria. CSIs hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feces
Feces ( or faeces), known colloquially and in slang as poo and poop, are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such as bacterially altered bilirubin, and dead epithelial cells from the lining of the gut. Feces are discharged through the anus or cloaca during defecation. Feces can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner in agriculture. They can also be burned as fuel or dried and used for construction. Some medicinal uses have been found. In the case of human feces, fecal transplants or fecal bacteriotherapy are in use. Urine and feces together are called excreta. Skatole is the principal compound responsible for the unpleasant smell of feces. Characteristics The distinctive odor of feces is due to skatole, and thiols (sulfur-containing compounds), as well as amines and carboxylic ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reticulated Python
The reticulated python (''Malayopython reticulatus'') is a python species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the world's longest snake, and is among the three heaviest. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution. In several countries in its range, it is hunted for its skin, for use in traditional medicine, and for sale as pets. It is an excellent swimmer, has been reported far out at sea, and has colonized many small islands within its range. Like all pythons, it is a non-venomous constrictor. Adult humans have been killed (and in at least two reported cases, eaten) by reticulated pythons. Taxonomy The reticulated python was first described in 1801 by German naturalist Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider, who described two zoological specimens held by the Göttingen Museum in 1801 that differed slightly in colour and pattern as separate species—''Boa reticulata'' and ''Boa rhombeata''. The specific name, ''reticulatus'', i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sessility (motility)
Sessility is the biological property of an organism describing its lack of a means of self-locomotion. Sessile organisms for which natural '' motility'' is absent are normally immobile. This is distinct from the botanical concept of sessility, which refers to an organism or biological structure attached directly by its base without a stalk. Sessile organisms can move via external forces (such as water currents), but are usually permanently attached to something. Organisms such as corals lay down their own substrate from which they grow. Other sessile organisms grow from a solid such as a rock, dead tree trunk, or a man-made object such as a buoy or ship's hull. Mobility Sessile animals typically have a motile phase in their development. Sponges have a motile larval stage and become sessile at maturity. Conversely, many jellyfish develop as sessile polyps early in their life cycle. In the case of the cochineal, it is in the nymph stage (also called the crawler stage) that t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are found in virtually all environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism ''Escherichia coli'', as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', '' Chlamydia trachomatis'', and '' Yersinia pestis''. They are a significant medical challenge as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anaerobic Organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular (e.g. protozoans, bacteria) or multicellular. Most fungi are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen to survive. However, some species, such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes; for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them. Deep waters of the ocean are a common anoxic environment. First observation In his letter of 14 June 1680 to The Royal Society, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described an experiment he carried out by filling two identical glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder, to which some clean rain water was added. Van Leeuwenhoek sealed one of the glass tubes using a flame and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucin
Mucins () are a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins (glycoconjugates) produced by epithelial tissues in most animals. Mucins' key characteristic is their ability to form gels; therefore they are a key component in most gel-like secretions, serving functions from lubrication to cell signalling to forming chemical barriers. They often take an inhibitory role. Some mucins are associated with controlling mineralization, including nacre formation in mollusks, calcification in echinoderms and bone formation in vertebrates. They bind to pathogens as part of the immune system. Overexpression of the mucin proteins, especially MUC1, is associated with many types of cancer. Although some mucins are membrane-bound due to the presence of a hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain that favors retention in the plasma membrane, most mucins are secreted as principal components of mucus by mucous membranes or are secreted to become a component of saliva. Genes Human mucins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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