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Awqaf
A (; , plural ), also called a (, plural or ), or ''mortmain'' property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets. A charitable trust may hold the donated assets. The person making such dedication is known as a ('donor') who uses a ''mutawalli'' ('trustee') to manage the property in exchange for a share of the revenues it generates. A waqf allows the state to provide social services in accordance with Islamic law while contributing to the preservation of cultural and historical sites. Although the system depended on several hadiths and presented elements similar to practices from pre-Islamic cultures, it seems that the specific full-fledged Islamic legal form of endowment called dates from the 9th century CE (see below). Terminology In Sunni jurisprudence, , also spelled (; plural , ; ) ...
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Financial Endowment
A financial endowment is a legal structure for managing, and in many cases indefinitely perpetuating, a pool of Financial instrument, financial, real estate, or other investments for a specific purpose according to Donor intent, the will of its founders and donors. Endowments are often structured so that the inflation-adjusted principal (finance), principal or "corpus" value is kept intact, while a portion of the fund can be (and in some cases must be) spent each year, utilizing a prudent spending policy. Endowments are often governed and managed either as a Nonprofit organization, nonprofit corporation, a charitable foundation, or a private foundation that, while serving a good cause, might not qualify as a public charity. In some jurisdictions, it is common for endowed funds to be established as a trust (law), trust independent of the organizations and the causes the endowment is meant to serve. Institutions that commonly manage endowments include academic institutions (e.g., co ...
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Mortmain
Mortmain () is the perpetual, inalienable ownership of real estate by a corporation or legal institution; the term is usually used in the context of its prohibition. Historically, the land owner usually would be the religious office of a church; today, insofar as mortmain prohibitions against perpetual ownership still exist, it refers most often to modern companies and charitable trusts. The term ''mortmain'' is derived from Medieval Latin ''mortua manus'', literally "dead hand", through Old French ''morte main'' (in modern French, ''mainmorte''). History During the Middle Ages in Western European countries such as England, the Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Church acquired a substantial amount of real estate. As the Church and religious orders were each recognised as a legal person separate from the office holder who administered the Church land (such as the abbot or the bishop), the land would not escheat on the death of the holder, or pass by inheritance, as the Church an ...
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Khaybar
KhaybarOther Arabic transliteration, standardized Arabic transliterations: / . Anglicized pronunciation: , . (, ) is an oasis in Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province, Saudi Arabia, situated some north of the city of Medina. Prior to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century, the area had been inhabited by Jewish tribes of Arabia, Arabian Jewish tribes until it fell to Muslims under Muhammad during the Battle of Khaybar in 628 CE. History Bronze Age Pre-Islamic Pre-Islamic Arabia, Before the advent of Islam in the 7th century Common Era, CE, indigenous Arabs and Jews made up the population of Khaybar, but when Jewish settlement in northern Arabia began is unknown.In a research conducted by David Samuel Margoliouth and published in the ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' in the last century, he points out the fact that the Jews of Khaybar and Yathrib (in Saudi Arabia), as early as the 6th century CE when Jews still lived there before they were evicted to plac ...
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Carat (mass)
The carat (ct) is a unit of mass equal to , which is used for measuring gemstones and pearls. The current definition, sometimes known as the metric carat, was adopted in 1907 at the Fourth General Conference on Weights and Measures, and soon afterwards in many countries around the world. The carat is divisible into 100 ''points'' of 2 mg. Other subdivisions, and slightly different mass values, have been used in the past in different locations. In terms of diamonds, a paragon is a flawless stone of at least 100 carats (20 g). The ANSI X.12 EDI standard abbreviation for the carat is CD. Etymology First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word ''carat'' comes from Italian ''carato'', which comes from Arabic (''qīrāṭ''; قيراط), in turn borrowed from Greek ''kerátion'' κεράτιον ' carob seed', a diminutive of ''keras'' 'horn'. It was a unit of weight, equal to 1/1728 (1/12) of a pound (see Mina (unit)). History Carob seeds have bee ...
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Religious Restrictions On The Consumption Of Pork
Pork is a food taboo among several religions, including Jews, Muslims, and some Christian denominations. Swine were prohibited in ancient Syria and Phoenicia, and the pig and its flesh represented a taboo observed, Strabo noted, at Comana in Pontus. A lost poem of Hermesianax, reported centuries later by the traveller Pausanias, reported an etiological myth of Attis destroyed by a supernatural boar to account for the fact that "in consequence of these events the Galatians who inhabit Pessinous do not touch pork". In Abrahamic religions, eating pig flesh is clearly forbidden by Jewish (kashrut), Islamic (Haram) and Christian Adventist (kosher animals) dietary laws. Although Christianity is an Abrahamic religion, most of its adherents do not follow these aspects of Mosaic law and do consume its meat. However, Seventh-day Adventists consider pork unclean according to biblical law, along with other foods forbidden by Jewish law. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Eritrea ...
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Khamr
Khamr () is an Arabic word for wine or intoxicant. It is variously defined as alcoholic beverages, wine or liquor. In fiqh, it refers to certain forbidden substances, and its technical definition depends on the madhhab or legal school. Most jurists, including those from the Maliki, Shafiʽi, Hanbali and Ahl-i Hadith legal schools, have traditionally viewed it as general term for any intoxicating beverage made from grapes, dates, and similar substances. Hanafi jurists restricted the term to a narrower range of beverages. Over time, some jurists classified other intoxicants, such as opium and khat, as ''khamr'', based on a hadith attributed to Muhammad stating, "The Holy Prophet said: 'every intoxicant is khamr, and every intoxicant is forbidden.'" Other traditions attributed to Muhammad, however, indicated that khamr may be made from two plants, the grapevine and the date palm. There are some faqīhs, particularly of the Hanafi school, who take the concept of khamr literall ...
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Haram
''Haram'' (; ) is an Arabic term meaning 'taboo'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowledge; or, in direct contrast, to an evil and thus " sinful action that is forbidden to be done". The term also denotes something "set aside", thus being the Arabic equivalent of the Hebrew concept () and the concept of (cf. sacred) in Roman law and religion. In Islamic jurisprudence, ''haram'' is used to refer to any act that is forbidden by Allah and is one of the five Islamic commandments ( ) that define the morality of human action. Acts that are haram are typically prohibited in the religious texts of the Quran and the category of haram is the highest status of prohibition. Something that is considered haram remains prohibited no matter how good the intention is or how honorable the purpose is. Sins, good, and meritorious acts are placed on the (weighin ...
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Directorate General Of Foundations (Turkey)
The Directorate General of Foundations (), founded 3 March 1924, is a Turkish governmental body responsible for managing and auditing ''waqfs'' (), which are inalienable charitable endowments established under Islamic law. These ''waqfs'' date back to the Ottoman Empire and continue to function today. History The establishment of the ''Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü'' was part of Atatürk's Reforms. It was established under the authority of Prime Minister of Turkey, İsmet İnönü on 3 March 1924, alongside the Directorate of Religious Affairs (). These two departments replaced the Ottoman era ministry with the responsibility of governing Islamic affairs, the Ministry of Sharia and the Foundations (). This ministry had survived the Turkish War of Independence into the Republican era and the 1st government of Turkey. Aside from its stated responsibilities, a secondary aim was to enable the confiscation by the state of properties belonging to traditionally non-Muslim minor ...
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Dhimmi
' ( ', , collectively ''/'' "the people of the covenant") or () is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. The word literally means "protected person", referring to the state's obligation under ''sharia'' to protect the individual's life, property, as well as freedom of religion, in exchange for loyalty to the state and payment of the '' jizya'' tax, in contrast to the '' zakat'', or obligatory alms, paid by the Muslim subjects. ''Dhimmi'' were exempt from military service and other duties assigned specifically to Muslims if they paid the poll tax (''jizya'') but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation. Dhimmis were subject to specific restrictions as well, which were codified in agreements like the ''Pact of ʿUmar''. These included prohibitions on building new places of worship, repairing existing ones in areas where Muslims lived, teaching children the Qurʾān, and preventing relatives from conve ...
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Sanity
Sanity (from ) refers to the soundness, rationality, and health of the human mind, as opposed to insanity. A person is sane if they are rational. In modern society, the term has become exclusively synonymous with ''compos mentis'' ( and ). The contrast is '' non compos mentis'', or insanity. According to the writer G. K. Chesterton, sanity involves wholeness, whereas insanity implies narrowness and brokenness. A sane mind is nowadays considered healthy both in its analytical (once called ''rational'') and emotional aspects. Psychiatry and psychology Alfred Korzybski proposed a theory of sanity in his general semantics. He believed sanity was tied to the logical reasoning about and comprehension of what is going on in the world. He imposed this notion in a map-territory analogy: "A map ''is not'' the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a 'similar structure' to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness." Given that science continually seeks to adjust its t ...
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Adult
An adult is an animal that has reached full growth. The biological definition of the word means an animal reaching sexual maturity and thus capable of reproduction. In the human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a non-adult or " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of majority and is therefore regarded as independent, self-sufficient, and responsible. They may also be regarded as "majors". The typical age of attaining legal adulthood is 18 although definition may vary by legal rights, country, and psychological development. Human adulthood encompasses psychological adult development. Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; a person may be biologically an adult, and have adult behavior, but still be treated as a child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, one may legally be an adult but possess none of the maturity and responsibility that may de ...
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Endowment Deed Of Mihrimah Sultan
Endowment may refer to: Finance *Financial endowment, pertaining to funds or property donated to institutions or individuals (e.g., college endowment) *Endowment mortgage, a mortgage to be repaid by an endowment policy *Endowment policy, a type of life insurance policy *A synonym for budget constraint, the total funds available for spending Economics * Endowment effect, a cognitive bias * Endowment, a term used for land reclamation * Endowment of natural or other resources that can become capital by the process of production * Factor endowment Other * Endowment (philosophy); as a philosophical term * Endowment (Latter Day Saints) In the theology of the Latter Day Saint movement, an endowment refers to a gift of "power from on high", typically associated with the ordinances performed in Latter Day Saint temples. The purpose and meaning of the endowment varied during the li ...; a temple ceremony that confers heavenly priesthood power in Mormon theology * Endowment (Mormonis ...
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