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Australian Labour Movement
The Australian labour movement began in the early 19th century and since the late 19th century has included industrial (Australian unions) and political wings (Australian Labor Party). Trade unions in Australia may be formed on the basis of craft unionism, general unionism, or industrial unionism. Almost all unions in Australia are affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). Many unions have undergone a significant process of amalgamations, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The leadership and membership of unions hold and have at other times held a wide range of political views, including socialist, democratic and right-wing views. According to ABS figures, in August 2013, there were 1.7 million members of trade unions in relation to their main job (17% of all employees). A further 4% did not know whether they were trade union members or not, while 1% were trade union members not in conjunction with their main job. Of those who were a trade union m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Council Of Trade Unions
The Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), originally the Australasian Council of Trade Unions, is the largest peak body representing workers in Australia. It is a national trade union centre of 46 affiliated trade union, unions and eight trades and labour councils. The ACTU is a member of the International Trade Union Confederation. The President of the ACTU is Michele O'Neil, who was elected on 28 July 2018. The current Secretary is Sally McManus. Objectives The objectives of the ACTU, found in its constitution, are: * the Social ownership, socialisation of industry, * the organisation of wage and salary earners in the Australian workforce (within the trade union movement), * the utilisation of Australian resources to maintain full employment, establish equitable living standards which increase in line with output, and create opportunities for the development of talent. Organisation The ACTU holds a biennial congress that is attended by approximately 800 delegates from a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kanaka (Pacific Island Worker)
Kanakas were workers (a mix of voluntary and involuntary) from various Pacific Islands employed in British colonies, such as British Columbia (Canada), Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, and Queensland (Australia) in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They also worked in California (United States) and Chile (see also Easter Island and the Rapa Nui). "Kanaka" originally referred only to Native Hawaiians, from their own name for themselves, ''kānaka ʻōiwi'' or ''kānaka maoli'', ''kānaka'' meaning "man" in the Hawaiian language. In the Americas in particular, native Hawaiians were the majority; but Kanakas in Australia were almost entirely Melanesian. In Australian English "kanaka" is now avoided outside of its historical context, as it has been used as an offensive term. Australia According to the ''Macquarie Dictionary'', the word "kanaka", which was once widely used in Australia, is now regarded in Australian English as an offensive term for a Pacific I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bushrangers Act
Bushrangers were armed robbers and outlaws who resided in the Australian bush between the 1780s and the early 20th century. The original use of the term dates back to the early years of the British colonisation of Australia, and applied to transported convicts who had escaped into the bush to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term had evolved to refer to those who took up " robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base. Bushranging thrived during the mid-19th century gold rushes, with many bushrangers roaming the goldfields and country districts of New South Wales and Victoria, and to a lesser extent Queensland. As the outbreak worsened in the mid-1860s, colonial governments outlawed many of the most notorious bushrangers, including the Gardiner–Hall gang, Dan Morgan, and the Clarke gang. These " Wild Colonial Boys", mostly Australian-born sons of convicts, were roughly analogous to British highwaymen and outlaws of the American Old West, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masters And Servants Act (1902) N
Master and Servant Acts or Masters and Servants Acts were laws designed to regulate relations between employers and employees during the 18th and 19th centuries. The UK's Master and Servant Act 1823 described its purpose as "the better regulations of servants, labourers and work people". This particular act greatly influenced industrial relations and employment law in the United States, Australia (an 1845 act), Canada (1847), Hawaiian Kingdom (1850), New Zealand (1856) and South Africa (1856). These acts are generally regarded as heavily biased towards employers, designed to discipline employees and repress the "combination" of workers in trade unions. The law required the obedience and loyalty from servants to their contracted employer, with infringements of the contract punishable before a court of law, often with a jail sentence of hard labour. It was used against workers organising for better conditions from its inception until well after the first UK Trade Union Act 1871 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade Union
A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and Employee benefits, benefits, improving Work (human activity), working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers. Trade unions typically fund their head office and legal team functions through regularly imposed fees called ''union dues''. The union representatives in the workforce are usually made up of workplace volunteers who are often appointed by members through internal democratic elections. The trade union, through an elected leadership and bargaining committee, bargains with the employer on behalf of its members, known as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organizing Model
The organizing model, as the term refers to trade unions (and sometimes other social-movement organizations), is a broad conception of how those organizations should recruit, operate, and advance the interests of their members, though the specific functions of the model are more detailed and are discussed at length below. It typically involves many full-time organizers, who work by building up confidence and strong networks and leaders within the workforce, and by confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members. The organizing model is strongly linked to social movement unionism and community unionism. The organizing model contributes to the discussion of how trade unions can reverse the trend of declining membership, which they are experiencing in most industrial nations, and how they can recapture some of the political power, which the labor movement has lost over the past century. The organizing model is frequently compared and contrasted with other methods of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Craft Unionism
Craft unionism refers to a model of trade unionism in which workers are organised based on the particular craft or trade in which they work. It contrasts with industrial unionism, in which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of differences in skill. Under this approach, each union is organized according to the craft, or specific work function, of its members. For example, in the building trades, all carpenters belong to the carpenters' union, the plasterers join the plasterers' union, and the painters belong to the painters' union. Each craft union has its own administration, its own policies, its own collective bargaining agreements and its own union halls. Origins The first unions established in Russia in the early nineteenth century tended, by nature of the industries in which their members worked, to be craft unions: shoemakers, cordwainers (shoemakers who work with cordovan leather) and typesetters all worked, as a rule, in smal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Employers And Workmen Act 1875
The Employers and Workmen Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 90) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, relating to labour relations, which together with the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 86), fully decriminalised the work of trade unions. Based on an extension of the conclusions of the Cockburn Commission, it was introduced by a Conservative government under Benjamin Disraeli's second administration. The act extended to Ireland, which at that time was part of the United Kingdom. The whole act was repealed for Great Britain by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973. Background The act purported to place both sides of industry in equal footing allowing all breaches of contract to be covered by civil law. Prior to the act, employers were subjected to civil law which could result in a fine Fine may refer to: Characters * Fran Fine, the title character of ''The Nanny'' * Sylvia Fine (''The Nanny''), Fran's mother on ''The Nanny'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conspiracy, And Protection Of Property Act 1875
The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 86) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to labour relations, which together with the Employers and Workmen Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 90), fully decriminalised the work of trade unions. Based on an extension of the conclusions of the Cockburn Commission, it was introduced by a Conservative government under Benjamin Disraeli.Review of Governments, Labour, and the law in mid-Victorian Britain: the trade union legislation of the 1870s , Mark Curthoys The act held that a trade union could not be prosecuted for act which would be legal if conducted by an individual. This meant that [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade Union Act 1871
The Trade Union Act 1871 ( 34 & 35 Vict. c. 31) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which greatly expanded the rights of trade unions in the United Kingdom, notably giving them the right to strike. This was one of the founding pieces of legislation in UK labour law, though it has today been superseded by the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992. Background The Combinations of Workmen Act 1825( 6 Geo. 4. c. 129) had limited worker collective bargaining to matters of working hours and wages, and suppressed the right to strike. The Conservative Prime Minister, the Earl of Derby, set up a Royal Commission on Trade Unions in 1867. One worker representative was on the commission, Frederic Harrison, who prepared union witnesses. Robert Applegarth from the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners was a union observer of the proceedings. The majority report of the Commission was hostile to the idea of decriminalising trade unions. Frede ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breach Of Contract
Breach of contract is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong, in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance. Breach occurs when a party to a contract fails to fulfill its obligation(s), whether partially or wholly, as described in the contract, or communicates an intent to fail the obligation or otherwise appears not to be able to perform its obligation under the contract. Where there is breach of contract, the resulting damages have to be paid to the aggrieved party by the party breaching the contract. If a contract is rescinded, parties are legally allowed to undo the work unless doing so would directly charge the other party at that exact time. What constitutes a breach of contract There exists two elementary forms of breach of contract. The first is actual failure to perform the contract as and when specified constitutes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
