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Ascon (cipher)
Ascon is a family of lightweight authenticated ciphers that had been selected by US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for future standardization of the lightweight cryptography. History Ascon was developed in 2014 by a team of researchers from Graz University of Technology, Infineon Technologies, Lamarr Security Research, and Radboud University. The cipher family was chosen as a finalist of the CAESAR Competition in February 2019. NIST had announced its decision on February 7, 2023 with the following intermediate steps that would lead to the eventual standardization: * Publication of NIST IR 8454 describing the process of evaluation and selection that was used; * Preparation of a new draft for public comments; * Public workshop to be held on June 21–22, 2023. Design The design is based on a sponge construction along the lines of SpongeWrap and MonkeyDuplex. This design makes it easy to reuse Ascon in multiple ways (as a cipher, hash, or a MAC). As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Institute Of Standards And Technology
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized into Outline of physical science, physical science laboratory programs that include Nanotechnology, nanoscale science and technology, engineering, information technology, neutron research, material measurement, and physical measurement. From 1901 to 1988, the agency was named the National Bureau of Standards. History Background The Articles of Confederation, ratified by the colonies in 1781, provided: The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States. Article 1, section 8, of the Constitution of the United States, ratified i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Round (cryptography)
In cryptography, a round or round function is a basic transformation that is repeated (iteration, iterated) multiple times inside the algorithm. Splitting a large algorithmic function into rounds simplifies both implementation and cryptanalysis. For example, encryption using an oversimplified three-round cipher can be written as C = R_3(R_2(R_1(P))), where is the ciphertext and is the plaintext. Typically, rounds R_1, R_2, ... are implemented using the same function, parameterized by the round constant and, for block ciphers, the ''round key'' from the key schedule. Parameterization is essential to reduce the self-similarity of the cipher, which could lead to slide attacks. Increasing the number of rounds "almost always" protects against differential cryptanalysis, differential and linear cryptanalysis, as for these tools the effort grows exponentially with the number of rounds. However, increasing the number of rounds does not ''always'' make weak ciphers into strong ones, as s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Cryptology
The ''Journal of Cryptology'' () is a scientific journal in the field of cryptology and cryptography. The journal is published quarterly by the International Association for Cryptologic Research. Its editor-in-chief is Vincent Rijmen Vincent Rijmen (; born 16 October 1970) is a Belgium, Belgian cryptographer and one of the two designers of the Rijndael, the Advanced Encryption Standard. Rijmen is also the co-designer of the WHIRLPOOL cryptographic hash function, and the block .... Springer, retrieved 2022-05-09. References External links [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Security Agency
The National Security Agency (NSA) is an intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the director of national intelligence (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for global intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems. The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are clandestine. The NSA has roughly 32,000 employees. Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, it was officially formed as the NSA by President Harry S. Truman in 1952. Between then and the end of the Cold War, it became the largest of the U.S. intelligence organizations in terms of personnel and budget. Still, information available as of 2013 indicates that the C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speck (cipher)
Speck is a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013. Speck has been optimized for performance in software implementations, while its sister algorithm, Simon, has been optimized for hardware implementations. Speck is an add–rotate–xor (ARX) cipher. The NSA began working on the Simon and Speck ciphers in 2011. The agency anticipated some agencies in the US federal government would need a cipher that would operate well on a diverse collection of Internet of Things devices while maintaining an acceptable level of security. Cipher description Speck supports a variety of block and key sizes. A block is always two words, but the words may be 16, 24, 32, 48 or 64 bits in size. The corresponding key is 2, 3 or 4 words. The round function consists of two rotations, adding the right word to the left word, xoring the key into the left word, then xoring the left word into the right word. The number of rounds depends ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simon (cipher)
Simon is a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013. Simon has been optimized for performance in hardware implementations, while its sister algorithm, Speck, has been optimized for software implementations. The NSA began working on the Simon and Speck ciphers in 2011. The agency anticipated some agencies in the US federal government would need a cipher that would operate well on a diverse collection of Internet of Things devices while maintaining an acceptable level of security. Description of the cipher The Simon block cipher is a balanced Feistel cipher with an ''n''-bit word, and therefore the block length is 2''n''. The key length is a multiple of ''n'' by 2, 3, or 4, which is the value ''m''. Therefore, a Simon cipher implementation is denoted as Simon2''n''/''nm''. For example, Simon64/128 refers to the cipher operating on a 64-bit plaintext block (''n'' = 32) that uses a 128-bit key. The b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over The Lazy Dog
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" is an English-language pangram a sentence (linguistics), sentence that contains all the letters of the alphabet. The phrase is commonly used for Touch typing, touch-typing practice, testing typewriters and computer keyboards, displaying examples of fonts, and other applications involving text where the use of all letters in the alphabet is desired. History The earliest known appearance of the phrase was in ''The Boston Journal''. In an article titled "Current Notes" in the February 9, 1885, edition, the phrase is mentioned as a good practice sentence (linguistics), sentence for writing students: "A favorite copy set by writing teachers for their pupils is the following, because it contains every letter of the alphabet: 'A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Dozens of other newspapers published the phrase over the next few months, all using the version of the sentence starting with "A" rather than "The". The earliest known use o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avalanche Effect
In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's ''diffusion''. If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not exhibit the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization, and thus a cryptanalyst can make predictions about the input, being given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break the algorithm. Thus, the avalanche effect is a desirable condition from the point of view of the designer of the cryptographic algorithm or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Diffusion
In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of a secure cipher identified by Claude Shannon in his 1945 classified report ''A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography''. These properties, when present, work together to thwart the application of statistics, and other methods of cryptanalysis. Confusion in a symmetric cipher is obscuring the local correlation between the input (plaintext), and output (ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by spreading it over a larger area of ciphertext. Although ciphers can be confusion-only (substitution cipher, one-time pad) or diffusion-only (transposition cipher), any "reasonable" block cipher uses both confusion and diffusion. These concepts are also important in the design of cryptographic hash functions, and pseudorandom number generators, where decorrelation of the generated values is the main feature. Diffusion (and its avalanche effect) is also applic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Round Constant
In cryptography, a round or round function is a basic transformation that is repeated ( iterated) multiple times inside the algorithm. Splitting a large algorithmic function into rounds simplifies both implementation and cryptanalysis. For example, encryption using an oversimplified three-round cipher can be written as C = R_3(R_2(R_1(P))), where is the ciphertext and is the plaintext. Typically, rounds R_1, R_2, ... are implemented using the same function, parameterized by the round constant and, for block ciphers, the ''round key'' from the key schedule. Parameterization is essential to reduce the self-similarity of the cipher, which could lead to slide attacks. Increasing the number of rounds "almost always" protects against differential and linear cryptanalysis, as for these tools the effort grows exponentially with the number of rounds. However, increasing the number of rounds does not ''always'' make weak ciphers into strong ones, as some attacks do not depend on the n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authentication Tag
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating and integrity-checking a message. In other words, it is used to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed (its integrity). The MAC value allows verifiers (who also possess a secret key) to detect any changes to the message content. Terminology The term message integrity code (MIC) is frequently substituted for the term ''MAC'', especially in communications to distinguish it from the use of the latter as '' media access control address'' (''MAC address''). However, some authors use MIC to refer to a message digest, which aims only to uniquely but opaquely identify a single message. RFC 4949 recommends avoiding the term ''message integrity code'' (MIC), and instead using ''checksum'', '' error detection code'', '' hash'', ''keyed hash'', ''message authentication code'', or ''pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
