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Arthur König
Arthur Peter König (1856 – 1901) is a German physicist specialized in optics. In 1886, he published an empirical determination of the spectral sensitivity of the human rod and cone sensors with Conrad Dietrici. Biography Born with congenital kyphosis, he devoted his short life to physiological optics. he studied in Bonn and Heidelberg, later moved to Berlin in the fall of 1879 where he studied under Hermann von Helmholtz, whose assistant he became in 1882. After obtaining a doctoral degree in 1882, he qualified for a professorial position in 1884. In 1890, he became director of the physical department of the Physiological Institute of the University of Berlin. In the same year he married Laura Köttgen with whom he had a son, Arthur, who became an astronomer. Circulatory problems caused by his kyphosis resulted in his premature death in 1901.Source of biographical information: M. Richter, Arthur König zum Gedächtnis, Die Farbe 5 (1956) No.1/2, 1–6. Career Originally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krefeld
Krefeld ( , ; ), also spelled Crefeld until 1925 (though the spelling was still being used in British papers throughout the Second World War), is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in western Germany. It is located northwest of Düsseldorf, its center lying just a few kilometers to the west of the river Rhine; the borough of Uerdingen is situated directly on the Rhine. Because of its economic past, Krefeld is often referred to as the "Velvet and Silk City". It is accessed by the autobahns A57 (Cologne– Nijmegen) and A44 (Aachen–Düsseldorf– Dortmund– Kassel). Krefeld's residents now speak ', or standard German, but the native dialect is a Low Franconian variety, sometimes locally called ', ', or sometimes simply '. The Uerdingen line isogloss, separating general dialectical areas in Germany and neighboring Germanic-speaking countries, runs through and is named after Krefeld's Uerdingen district, originally an independent municipality. History Early history left, up ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dichromats
Dichromacy (from Greek ''di'', meaning "two" and ''chromo'', meaning "color") is the state of having two types of functioning photoreceptors, called cone cells, in the eyes. Organisms with dichromacy are called dichromats. Dichromats require only two primary colors to be able to represent their visible gamut. By comparison, trichromats need three primary colors, and tetrachromats need four. Likewise, every color in a dichromat's gamut can be evoked monochromatic light. By comparison, every color in a trichromat's gamut can be evoked with a combination of monochromatic light and white light. Dichromacy in humans is a color vision deficiency in which one of the three cone cells is absent or not functioning and color is thereby reduced to two dimensions. Perception Dichromatic color vision is enabled by two types of cone cells with different spectral sensitivities and the neural framework to compare the excitation of the different cone cells. The resulting color vision is simp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeitschrift Für Psychologie Und Physiologie Der Sinnesorgane
A magazine is a periodical literature, periodical publication, print or digital, produced on a regular schedule, that contains any of a variety of subject-oriented textual and visual content (media), content forms. Magazines are generally financed by advertising, newsagent's shop, purchase price, prepaid subscription business model, subscriptions, or by a combination of the three. They are categorised by their frequency of publication (i.e., as weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies, etc.), their target audiences (e.g., women's and trade magazines), their subjects of focus (e.g., popular science and religious), and their tones or approach (e.g., works of satire or humor). Appearance on the cover of print magazines has historically been understood to convey a place of honor or distinction to an individual or event. Term origin and definition Origin The etymology of the word "magazine" suggests derivation from the Arabic language, Arabic (), the broken plural of () meaning "depot, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Hermann Ebbinghaus (24 January 1850 – 26 February 1909) was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory. Ebbinghaus discovered the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was the first person to describe the learning curve. He was the father of the Neo-Kantianism, neo-Kantian philosopher Julius Ebbinghaus. Early life Ebbinghaus was born in Barmen, in the Rhine Province of the Kingdom of Prussia, as the son of a wealthy merchant, Carl Ebbinghaus. Little is known about his infancy except that he was brought up in the Lutheranism, Lutheran faith and was a pupil at the town Gymnasium (school), Gymnasium. At the age of 17 (1867), he began attending the University of Bonn, where he had planned to study history and philology. However, during his time there he developed an interest in philosophy. In 1870, his studies were interrupted when he served with the Prussian Army in the Franco-Prussian War. Following this short stint in the military, Ebbinghaus finis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verhandlungen Der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
The German Physical Society (German: , DPG) is the oldest organisation of physicists. As of 2022, the DPG's worldwide membership is cited as 52,220, making it one of the largest national physics societies in the world. The DPG's membership peaked in 2014 when it reached 63,000, but it has been decreasing since then. It holds an annual conference () and multiple spring conferences (), which are held at various locations and along topical subjects of given sections of the DPG. The DPG concerns the fields of pure and applied physics and aims to foster connections among German physicists, as well as the exchange of ideas between its members and foreign colleagues. The bylaws of the DPG commit the organization and its members to maintain scientific integrity and ethics, including freedom, tolerance, truthfulness, and dignity in scientific work, as well as the promotion of gender equality in the fields of physics and related sciences. Conferences The DPG itself does not carry out any r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the ''RHO'' gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a light-sensitive receptor protein that triggers visual phototransduction in rod cells. Rhodopsin mediates dim light vision and thus is extremely sensitive to light. When rhodopsin is exposed to light, it immediately photobleaches. In humans, it is fully regenerated in about 30 minutes, after which the rods are more sensitive. Defects in the rhodopsin gene cause eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and congenital stationary night blindness. History Rhodopsin was discovered by Franz Christian Boll in 1876. The name rhodopsin derives from Ancient Greek () for "rose", due to its pinkish color, and () for "sight". It was coined in 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (1837–1900). When George Wald discovered that rhodopsin is a holoprotein, consisting of retinal and an apoprotein, he called it opsin, which tod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fechner
Fechner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Carl-A. Fechner (born 1952), German documentary filmmaker * Christian Fechner (1944–2008), French film producer and screenwriter * Gino Fechner (born 1997), German footballer * Gustav Fechner (1801–1887), German experimental psychologist, physicist and philosopher * Harry Fechner (born 1950), German football defender * Johannes Fechner (born 1972), German politician * Max Fechner (1892–1973), Minister of Justice of the GDR * Robert Fechner (1876–1939), American union leader * Sebastian Fechner (born 1983), Polish footballer See also * Fechner color, an illusion of color * Weber–Fechner law The Weber–Fechner laws are two related scientific law, scientific laws in the field of psychophysics, known as Weber's law and Fechner's law. Both relate to human perception, more specifically the relation between the actual change in a physica ... * Fechner (crater), a lunar crater * 11041 Fechner (1989 SH2) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Language
German (, ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and Official language, official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. It is also an official language of Luxembourg, German-speaking Community of Belgium, Belgium and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol, as well as a recognized national language in Namibia. There are also notable German-speaking communities in other parts of Europe, including: Poland (Upper Silesia), the Czech Republic (North Bohemia), Denmark (South Jutland County, North Schleswig), Slovakia (Krahule), Germans of Romania, Romania, Hungary (Sopron), and France (European Collectivity of Alsace, Alsace). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in the Americas. German is one of the global language system, major languages of the world, with nearly 80 million native speakers and over 130 mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Commission On Illumination
The International Commission on Illumination (usually abbreviated CIE for its French name Commission internationale de l'éclairage) is the international authority on light, illumination, colour, and colour spaces. It was established in 1913 as a successor to the Commission Internationale de Photométrie, which was founded in 1900, and is today based in Vienna, Austria. Organization The CIE has six active divisions, each of which establishes technical committees to carry out its program: * Division 1: Vision and Colour * Division 2: Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation * Division 3: Interior Environment and Lighting Design * Division 4: Transportation and Exterior Applications * Division 6: Photobiology and Photochemistry * Division 8: Image Technology Two divisions are no longer active. * Division 5: Exterior Lighting and Other Applications * Division 7: General Aspects of Lighting The President of the CIE from 2023 is Jennifer Veitch from Canada. CIE publi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William David Wright
William David Wright (1906–1997) was an English people, English physicist who specialised in colour vision. He was known for his contribution to measuring the colours of the spectrum by adding different beams of red, green and blue lights together. He also was the first person to discover tritanopia. This study together with the similar study conducted by John Guild forms the basis of the international standard for colour measurement. The method is still in universal use today. Biography Wright earned his BSc in 1928 and his PhD in 1930 from Imperial College London. Wright was born on 6 July 6, 1906 in England and died on 4 June 4 1997 in England. He married Dorothy Hudson in 1932. They had 2 children. Hudson passed in 1990. Awards * C.E.K. Mees Medal (1975) Reference 1906 births 1997 deaths 20th-century English scientists Alumni of Imperial College London Color scientists {{Improve categories, date=January 2025 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Guild
John Guild (1889–1979) was a British physicist specialized in optics, later transferred his focus on other studies. Guild worked at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) at Teddington in England. He was essential to the creation of the Colour Group in the United Kingdom. Later, he became the second chairman of the group from 1943 to 1945, and one of the first honorary members in 1966. Contributions He is best known for collecting the data based on empirical evidence on the light sensitivity of the receptors and cones of the human eye. This work and the experiment of William David Wright is the foundation of the international standardization of color measurement, the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer. Other than his contributions to the standardization to colorimetry, he also contributed to a wide range of optical instruments and techniques. In 1924, he designed an optical instrument An optical instrument is a device that processes light waves (or photons), either ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
