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Arnoldists
Arnoldists were a Proto-Protestant Christian movement in the 12th century, named after Arnold of Brescia, an advocate of ecclesiastical reform who criticized the great wealth and possessions of the Roman Catholic Church, while preaching against infant baptism and transubstantiation.A Brief Sketch of the History of the Foreign Baptists By G. H. ORCHARD 1842 His disciples were also called "Publicans" or "Poplecans", a name probably deriving from Paulicians (the term "Publicani" would be generally used for any heretic, even a political traitor, through Europe). The Arnoldists were condemned as heretics by Pope Lucius III in '' Ad abolendam'' during the Synod of Verona in 1184. Arnoldists' tenets would later be addressed by Bonacursus of Milan, c. 1190, in his ''Manifestatio haeresis Catharorum'', which refuted Arnoldist apostolic poverty and the incapacity of sinful priests to administer the sacraments. See also *Apostolic poverty *Lollardy * Temporal power of the Roman papa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ad Abolendam
(; full title in ) was a decretal and bull of Pope Lucius III, written at Verona and issued 4 November 1184. It was issued after the Council of Verona settled some jurisdictional differences between the Papacy and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The document prescribes measures to uproot heresy and sparked the efforts which culminated in the Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisitions. Its chief aim was the complete abolition of Christian heresy. Historical origins The historical context for the issuing of ''Ad abolendam'' was papal reassertion of its authority in Europe following the Investiture Dispute with the Emperor, and its discovery of what has been called a 'legislative' means of doing so. The Third Lateran Council of 1179 had already resolved to prevent schisms of the kind that the Investiture Dispute had created, and decretals such as ''Ad abolendam'' were intended to enforce this; Fisher has suggested that it was no coincidence that the decree followed the Peace of Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waldensians
The Waldensians, also known as Waldenses (), Vallenses, Valdesi, or Vaudois, are adherents of a church tradition that began as an ascetic movement within Western Christianity before the Reformation. Originally known as the Poor of Lyon in the late twelfth century, the movement spread to the Cottian Alps in what is today France and Italy. The founding of the Waldensians is attributed to Peter Waldo, a wealthy merchant who gave away his property around 1173, preaching apostolic poverty as the way to Christian perfection, perfection. Waldensian teachings came into conflict with the Catholic Church and by 1215 the Waldensians were declared heretical, not because they preached apostolic poverty, which the Franciscans also preached, but because they were not willing to recognize the prerogatives of local bishops over the content of their preaching, nor to recognize standards about who was fit to preach. Pope Innocent III offered the Waldensians the chance to return to the Church, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnold Of Brescia
Arnold of Brescia ( 1090 – June 1155), also known as Arnaldus (), was an Italian canon regular from Lombardy, who called on the Church to renounce property-ownership and participated in the failed Commune of Rome of 1144–1193. He is considered a proto-Reformer and precursor of the Reformation. Exiled at least three times and eventually arrested, Arnold was hanged by the papacy; his remains were burned posthumously and the ashes thrown into the River Tiber. Though he failed as a religious reformer and a political leader, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency after his death among " Arnoldists" and more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. Protestants rank him among the precursors of the Protestant Reformation. Biography Born in Brescia, Arnold became an Augustinian canon and then prior of a monastery in Brescia. He criticized the Catholic Church's temporal powers that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synod Of Verona
The Synod of Verona was held November 1184 under the auspices of Pope Lucius III and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. The meeting was to address numerous issues. Some of these were the dispute over claims between empire and papacy in central Italy, the proprietary concerns of the bishopric of Gurk, plans for a crusade to the Holy Land, a dispute over the investiture of the rival Archbishops of Trier, Folmar of Karden (the pro-papal candidate) and Rudolf of Wied (afterward invested as anti-archbishop by Barbarossa under the terms of the Concordat of Worms), and the condemnation of heresy. It also addressed the issue of marriage, particularly in response to the condemnation of marriage by the Cathars, finally listing it as a sacrament. Though Lucius and Frederick were able to agree on Gurk, a new crusade and heresy issues, the remaining issues were left unsettled. The most significant event of the synod was the declaration of the papal bull '' Ad abolendam'' and the joint c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Lucius III
Pope Lucius III ( – 25 November 1185), born Ubaldo Allucingoli, reigned as head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185. Born to an aristocratic family in Lucca, prior to being elected pope, he had a long career as a papal diplomat. His papacy was marked by conflicts with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, his exile from Rome, and the initial preparations for the Third Crusade. Born in Lucca, Ubaldo Allucingoli rose to prominence within the Catholic Church, eventually becoming Pope Lucius III. He was appointed cardinal by Pope Innocent II and served as papal legate in France, Sicily, and other regions. He was involved in negotiating the Treaty of Venice in 1177, and was elected pope in 1181. During his papacy, Lucius III faced disputes with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I over the territories of the late Countess Matilda of Tuscany. He also held a synod in 1184 that condemned various heretical groups. In 1185, preparat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Protestant
Proto-Protestantism, also called pre-Protestantism, refers to individuals and movements that propagated various ideas later associated with Protestantism before 1517, which historians usually regard as the starting year for the Reformation era. The relationship between medieval sects and Protestantism is an issue that has been debated by historians. Successionism is the further idea that these proto-Protestants are evidence of a continuous hidden church of true believers, despite their manifest differences in belief. Overview Before Martin Luther and John Calvin, some leaders tried to reform Christianity. The main forerunners of the Protestant Reformation were Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe and Jan Hus. Martin Luther himself saw it important to have forerunners of his views, and thus he praised people like Girolamo Savonarola, Lorenzo Valla, Wessel Gansfort and other groups as prefiguring some of his views. Claimed to have prefigured Protestantism Pre-reformation movement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temporal Power (papal)
The Holy See exercised temporal power, as distinguished from its spiritual and pastoral activity, while the pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy. The Papal States ceased to exist following the capture of Rome in 1870 by the Royal Italian Army, after which its remaining territories were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. The Lateran Treaty of 1929 later established the Vatican City, a small city-state where the Holy See currently exercises temporal powers. Origins Patrimony of Saint Peter The Lateran Palace was the first significant acquisition of the Holy See, most probably a gift from Constantine the Great. The example of Constantine was followed by wealthy families of the Roman nobility, and the residences and estates that were acquired in turn were designated the '' Patrimonium Sancti Petri.'' After the deposition of the last Roman emperor in the West in 476, the popes were subjects, first of Odoacer, then Arian Ostrogothic kings, then of the Byzantine em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lollardy
Lollardy was a proto-Protestantism, proto-Protestant Christianity, Christian religious movement that was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century English Reformation. It was initially led by John Wycliffe, a Catholic Church, Catholic theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for heresy. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity. They formulated their beliefs in the Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards. Early it became associated with regime change uprisings and assassinations of high government officials, and was suppressed. Etymology ''Lollard'', ''Lollardi'', or ''Loller'' was the popular derogatory nickname given to those without an academic background, educated, if at all, mainly in English language, English, who were reputed to follow the teachings of John Wycliffe in particular. By the mid-15th century, "lollard" had come to mean a heresy, heretic in general. The alternative term "Wycliffite" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apostolic Poverty
Apostolic poverty is a Christian doctrine professed in the thirteenth century by the newly formed religious orders, known as the mendicant orders, in direct response to calls for reform in the Roman Catholic Church. In this, these orders attempted to live their lives without ownership of lands or accumulation of money, following the precepts given to the seventy disciples in the Gospel of Luke (10:1-24), and succeeding to varying degrees. The ascetic Pope Paschal II's solution of the Investiture Controversy in his radical Concordat of 1111 with the Emperor, repudiated by the cardinals, was that the ecclesiastics of Germany should surrender to the imperial crown their fiefs and secular offices. Paschal proved to be the last of the Gregorianist popes. The provocative doctrine was a challenge to the wealth of the church and the concerns about ensuing corruption it brought: rejected by the hierarchy of the Church, it found sympathetic audiences among the disaffected poor of the 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonacursus
Bonacursus was a 12th-century Italian Cathar who converted to Catholicism and released a confessional report to the people of Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ... exposing the nature of the Cathar heresy entitled ''"Manifestatio haeresis catharorum quam fecit Bonacursus"'' sometime between 1176 and 1190. He also reported on the Pasagian heresy as well as the Arnoldists. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Bonacursus Catharism 12th-century Roman Catholics Converts to Roman Catholicism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
