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Armée Des Émigrés
The Armée des Émigrés (English: ''Army of the Émigrés'') were counter-revolutionary armies raised outside France by and out of royalist émigrés, with the aim of overthrowing the First French Republic and restoring the monarchy. These were aided by royalist armies within France itself, such as the Chouans, and by allied countries such as Great Britain. They fought, for example, at the sieges of Lyon and Toulon. They were formed from: *Volunteers from the French nobility, either descendants of the royal family, and other refugees who had fled France *Troops raised by the refugees through covert subsidies from other European monarchies, or through their own means *Units of the French Royal Army which had also emigrated, such as the Régiment de Saxe Hussards and the Irish Brigade Even Napoleon I said of them "True, they are paid by our enemies, but they were or should have been bound to the cause of their King. France gave death to their action, and tears to their courage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invasion Of France (1795)
The invasion of France (also known as the Battle of Quiberon) was a major landing on the Quiberon peninsula by émigré, counter-revolutionary troops in support of the Chouannerie and Vendée Revolt, beginning on 23 June and finally definitively repulsed on 21 July. It aimed to raise the whole of western France in revolt, bring an end to the French Revolution and restore the French monarchy. The invasion failed; it had a major negative impact, dealing a disastrous blow to the royalist cause. Background As a result of the French Revolution, many French royalists fled to Britain, including the Count of Provence and the Count of Artois. The two men divided royalist activities between them, with the Count of Provence handling royalist affairs in southern France, and the Count of Artois handling such efforts in western France. Joseph de Puisaye, a nobleman and military veteran, fled to Britain in 1794, where he entered into negotiations with Count of Artois. Puisaye also negoti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chouan
Chouan (, "the silent one", or "owl") is a French nickname. It was used as a nom de guerre by the Chouan brothers, most notably Jean Cottereau, better known as Jean Chouan, who led a major revolt in Bas-Maine against the French Revolution. Participants in this revolt – and to some extent French anti-revolutionary activists in general – came to be known as ''Chouans'', and the revolt itself came to be known as the ''Chouannerie''. Origin of the word Jean Cottereau and his brothers all inherited the nickname Chouan from their father, a clog merchant and ''homme honorable'' from Saint-Berthevin in Mayenne, on the border with Brittany. One view is that this nickname originated from his talent for impersonating the cry of the owl (''chouette'' in French), or specifically the tawny owl, which was called ''chouan'' in old French (French ''chat-huant''), a designation that survived in the western ''langue d'oïl'' dialect spoken in Mayenne. According to another authority, the only r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Émigré
An ''émigré'' () is a person who has emigrated, often with a connotation of political or social exile or self-exile. The word is the past participle of the French verb ''émigrer'' meaning "to emigrate". French Huguenots Many French Huguenots fled France following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The American Revolution Many Loyalists, who made up large portions of colonial United States particularly in the South, emigrated by choice or were forced to leave the United States during and after the American Revolution. Common destinations were other parts of the British Empire, such as Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, Great Britain, Jamaica, and the British West Indies. The new government often awarded the lands of fleeing Loyalists to Patriot soldiers by way of land grants. The French Revolution Although the French Revolution began in 1789 as a bourgeois-led drive for increased political equality for the Third Estate, it soon turned into a violent popular rebellion. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amnesty
Amnesty () is defined as "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." Though the term general pardon has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense. Amnesty is increasingly used to express the idea of "freedom" and to refer to when prisoners can go free. Amnesties, which in the United Kingdom may be granted by the crown or by an act of Parliament, were formerly usual on coronations and similar occasions, but are chiefly exercised towards associations of political criminals, and are sometimes granted absolutely, though more frequently there are certain specified exceptions. Thus, in the case of the earliest recorded amnesty, that of Thrasybulus at Athens, the thirty tyrants and a few others were expressly e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career of Napoleon, a series of military campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815. He led the French First Republic, French Republic as French Consulate, First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then ruled the First French Empire, French Empire as Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. He was King of Italy, King of Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic), Italy from 1805 to 1814 and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine from 1806 to 1813. Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer in the French Royal Army in 1785. He supported the French Rev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irish Brigade (France)
The Irish Brigade (, ) was a brigade in the French Royal Army composed of Irish exiles, led by Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel, Lord Mountcashel. It was formed in May 1690 when five Jacobitism, Jacobite regiments were sent from Ireland to France in exchange for a larger force of French infantry who were sent to fight in the Williamite War in Ireland. The regiments comprising the Irish Brigade retained their special status as foreign units in the French Army until nationalised in 1791. Formation When King James II of England, King James II went to Ireland in March 1689, Ireland was ruled by his viceroy Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, Tyrconnell and was held by the Irish Army, which was loyal to King James. There seemed to be no need for the deployment of French troops in Ireland and Louis XIV needed his troops elsewhere during the Nine Years' War. When the Irish Army showed its weakness by failing to win the Siege of Derry and losing the minor Battle of Newtownbutl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Régiment De Saxe Hussards
The Légion de Conflans (), later the Régiment de Saxe Hussards (), was a German-French Legion (formation), French legion formed during the War of the Austrian Succession. The legion would later serve in the Seven Years' War, but like the other French legions, it was split and became a hussar regiment. However, following the beginning of the French Revolution, the regiment French emigration (1789–1815), emigrated ''en masse'' and was disbanded shortly thereafter. Chasseurs de Fischer Formation On 25 March 1743 the Chasseurs de Fischer was formed under the command of the famed Franco-German general, Jean Chrétien Fischer who distinguished himself especially during the Siege of Prague (1742), Siege of Prague. This new unit was formed when Fischer was authorized to form a company of volunteers, which he had assembled a year before during the said siege. The chasseurs saw service during the Rhine Campaign during the War of the Austrian Succession. and the subsequent retreat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Royal Army
The French Royal Army () was the principal land force of the Kingdom of France. It served the Bourbon dynasty from the reign of Louis XIV in the mid-17th century to that of Charles X in the 19th, with an interlude from 1792 to 1814 and another during the Hundred Days in 1815. It was permanently dissolved following the July Revolution in 1830. The French Royal Army became a model for the new regimental system that was to be imitated throughout Europe from the mid-17th century onward. It was regarded as Europe's greatest military force for much of its existence. Early history The first permanent army of France, which was paid with regular wages instead of being supplied by feudal levies, was established in the early 15th century under Charles VII. It was formed due to the need for reliable troops during the Hundred Years' War, though the Army was not disbanded because it saw continued use by the Kings of France following the conflict. Upon the outbreak of a conflict, an ordonn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monarchies In Europe
In the history of Europe, European history, monarchy was the prevalent form of government throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with Medieval commune, communalism, notably in the case of the maritime republics and the Old Swiss Confederacy, Swiss Confederacy. In the early modern period (1500 - 1800 CE), Republicanism became more prevalent, but monarchy still remained predominant in Europe until the end of the 19th century. After World War I, however, most European monarchies were abolished. There remain, as of 2025, twelve sovereign monarchies in Europe. Seven are Realm, kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, and Belgium. Three are Principality, principalities: Andorra, Liechtenstein, and Monaco. Finally, Luxembourg is a grand duchy and Vatican City is a theocratic, elective monarchy ruled by the pope. The monarchies can be divided into two broad classes: premodern states and those that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refugee
A refugee, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), is a person "forced to flee their own country and seek safety in another country. They are unable to return to their own country because of feared persecution as a result of who they are, what they believe in or say, or because of armed conflict, violence or serious public disorder." Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted #Refugee status, refugee status by a contracting state or by the UNHCR if they formally make a claim for right of asylum, asylum. Internally Displaced People (IDPs) are often called refugees, but they are distinguished from refugees because they have not crossed an international border, although their reasons for leaving their home may be the same as those of refugees. Etymology and usage In English, the term ''refugee'' derives from the root word ''refuge'', from Old French ''refuge'', meaning "hiding place". It refers to "shelter or protection from danger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Nobility
The French nobility () was an Aristocracy, aristocratic social class in France from the France in the Middle Ages, Middle Ages until its abolition on 23 June 1790 during the French Revolution. From 1808 to 1815 during the First French Empire, First Empire the Emperor Napoleon, Napoléon bestowed titles that were recognized as a new nobility by the Charter of 1814, Charter of 4 June 1814 granted by List of French monarchs, King Louis XVIII of France. From 1814 to 1848 (Bourbon Restoration in France and July Monarchy) and from 1852 to 1870 (Second French Empire) the French nobility was restored as a hereditary distinction without any privileges and new hereditary titles were granted. Since the beginning of the French Third Republic on 4 September 1870 the French nobility has no legal existence and status. However, the former authentic titles transmitted regularly can be recognized as part of the name after a request to the Department of Justice. Families of the French nobility c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
