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Arenavirus
An arenavirus is a bi- or trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family ''Arenaviridae''. These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce inclusion body disease, mostly in boa constrictors. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Viral hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic fever syndromes, including Lassa fever, are derived from infections such as Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Sabia virus, or Whitewater Arroyo virus. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and bunyaviruses are designated as roboviruses. Structure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammarenavirus
''Mammarenavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Arenaviridae''. The name is a portmanteau of mammal and the former name ''Arenavirus'', and differentiates it from the reptile-associated ''Reptarenavirus''. ''Arenavirus'' comes from the Latin (sand) for the sandy appearance of the virions. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species: * ''Mammarenavirus abaense'', Ābà-Miányáng virus * ''Mammarenavirus alashanense'', Alxa virus * ''Mammarenavirus allpahuayoense'', Allpahuayo virus * ''Mammarenavirus amapariense'', Amaparí virus * ''Mammarenavirus aporeense'', Aporé virus * ''Mammarenavirus batangense'', Bātáng virus * ''Mammarenavirus bearense'', Bear Canyon virus * ''Mammarenavirus beregaense'', Berega virus * ''Mammarenavirus bituense'', Bitu virus * ''Mammarenavirus brazilense'', Sabiá virus * ''Mammarenavirus caliense'', Pichindé virus * ''Mammarenavirus cameroonense'', Souri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lassa Virus
Lassa virus (LASV) is an Arenaviridae, arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates. Lassa virus is an Emerging infectious disease, emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety level#Biosafety level 4, Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially Sierra Leone, the Republic of Guinea, Nigeria, and Liberia, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year. As of 2012 discoveries within the Mano River region of west Africa have expanded the endemic zone between the two known Lassa endemic regions, indicating that LASV is more widely distributed throughout the tropical wooded savannah ecozone in west Africa. There are no approved vaccines against Lassa fever for use in humans. Discovery In 1969, missionary nurse Laura Wine fell ill with a mysterious disease she contracted from an obstetri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lujo Virus
Lujo virus (''Mammarenavirus lujoense'') is a bisegmented RNA virus—a member of the family '' Arenaviridae''—and a known cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans. Its name was suggested by the Special Pathogens Unit of the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NICD-NHLS) by using the first two letters of the names of the cities involved in the 2008 outbreak of the disease, Lusaka (Zambia) and Johannesburg (Republic of South Africa). It is the second pathogenic ''Arenavirus'' to be described from the African continent—the first being Lassa virus—and since 2012 has been classed as a " Select Agent" under U.S. law. History Only 5 cases of this virus have ever been reported; all 5 were identified in September and October 2008, and 4 were fatal. Those infections that proved fatal caused death within 10–13 days of showing symptoms. All four patients in which infection proved fatal first showed signs of improvement an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanarito Virus
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a zoonotic human illness first identified in 1989. The disease is most prevalent in several rural areas of central Venezuela and is caused by Guanarito virus (GTOV) which belongs to the '' Arenaviridae'' family. The short-tailed cane mouse (''Zygodontomys brevicauda'') is the main host for GTOV which is spread mostly by inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, urine, or blood from infected rodents. Person-to-person spread is possible, but uncommon. Presentation VHF has many similarities to Lassa fever and to the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers that occur in Argentina and Bolivia. It causes fever and malaise followed by hemorrhagic manifestations and convulsions. Some presentations of the virus are also characterized by vascular damage, bleeding diathesis, fever, and multiple organ involvement. Clinical diagnosis of VHF has proven to be difficult based on the nonspecific symptoms. The disease is fatal in 30% of case ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sabia Virus
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (BzHF) is an infectious disease caused by Sabiá virus, an arenavirus. Sabiá virus is one of the arenaviruses from South America to cause hemorrhagic fever. It shares a common progenitor with Junín virus, Machupo virus, Tacaribe virus, and Guanarito virus. It is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal. Very little is known about this disease, but it is thought to be transmitted by the excreta of rodents. This virus has also been implicated as a means for bioterrorism, as it can be spread through aerosols. As of 2019, there had only been four documented infections of Sabiá virus: two occurred naturally, and the other two cases occurred in the clinical setting. The first naturally occurring case was in 1990, when a female agricultural engineer who was staying in the neighborhood of Jardim Sabiá in the municipality of Cotia, a suburb of São Paulo, Brazil contracted the disease. She presented with hemorrhagic fever and died. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whitewater Arroyo Virus
Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV) is a zoonotic Arenavirus associated with hemorrhagic fever with liver failure. Discovery WWAV is an emerging virus; previously, it was widely distributed among woodrats (''Neotoma'' spp.), its reservoir, in the American Southwest and was not known to infect humans. However, during June 1999 – May 2000, three female patients, aged 14, 30, and 52, developed similar fatal illnesses. The illnesses were associated with nonspecific febrile symptoms including fever, headache, and myalgias and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two developed liver failure and hemorrhagic fever. All three patients died 1–8 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Arenavirus-specific RNA was detected in each patient using RT-PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the patients were essentially identical and was 87% similar to the WWA virus prototype strain (obtained from a white-throated woodrat ('' Neotoma albigula'') from New Mexico in the early 1990s). According to a family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machupo Virus
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo virus.Public Health Agency of Canada: ''Machupo Virus Pathogen Safety Data Sheet'', http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/machupo-eng.php, Date Modified: 2011-02-18. BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense RNA virus of the '' Arenaviridae'' family, by a research group led by Karl Johnson. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent. Due to its pathogenicity, Machupo virus requires Biosafety Level Four conditions, the highest level.Center for Food Security & Public Health and Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University: ''Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses'', http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_arenavirus.pdf, last updated: February 23, 2010. During the period between February and March 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inclusion Body Disease
Inclusion body disease (IBD) is an infectious and invariably fatal viral disease affecting captive specimens of the boid family of snakes, particularly ''Boa constrictor The boa constrictor (scientific name also ''Boa constrictor''), also known as the common boa, is a species of large, non-venomous, heavy-bodied snake that is frequently kept and bred in captivity. The boa constrictor is a member of the Family (b ...''. It has been recognized since the mid-1970s. It is so named because of the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies that are observed in clinical examinations in epidermal cells, oral mucosal epithelial cells, visceral epithelial cells, and neurons. In the 1970s and 1980s, the disease was most commonly observed in Burmese pythons (''Python bivittatus''). From the 1980s on, it has been most commonly observed in boa constrictors. To date, no treatment for IBD is known, and snakes that are diagnosed with IBD should generally be euthanized to prevent sufferi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lassa Fever
Lassa fever, also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever, is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus. Many of those infected by the virus asymptomatic, do not develop symptoms. When symptoms occur they typically include fever, weakness, headaches, vomiting, and myalgia, muscle pains. Less commonly there may be bleeding from the mouth or gastrointestinal tract. The risk of death once infected is about one percent and frequently occurs within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. Of those who survive, about a quarter have hearing loss, which improves within three months in about half of these cases. The disease is usually initially spread to people via contact with the urine or feces of an infected multimammate mouse. Spread can then occur via direct contact between people. Diagnosis based on symptoms is difficult. Confirmation is by laboratory testing to detect the Virus classification#RNA viruses, virus's RNA, antibodies for the virus, or the virus itself in cell cul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of diseases. "Viral" means a health problem caused by infection from a virus, " hemorrhagic" means to bleed, and "fever" means an unusually high body temperature. Bleeding and fever are common signs of VHFs, which is how the group of infections got its common name. There are five known families of RNA viruses which cause VHFs: '' Arenaviridae'', '' Filoviridae'', '' Flaviviridae'', '' Hantaviridae'', and ''Rhabdoviridae''. Some VHFs are usually mild, such as nephropathia epidemica (within the family ''Hantaviridae''). But some are usually severe and have a high death rate, such as Ebola virus (within the family ''Filoviridae''). All VHFs can potentially cause severe blood loss, high fever, and death. Both humans and non human animals can be infected. Signs and symptoms The following are signs and symptoms of most or all VHFs. * Circulatory shock *Diarrhea (feces which resemble more liquid than solid) *Headache *Hypotens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sense (molecular Biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, the negative-sense strand of DNA is equivalent to the template strand, whereas the positive-sense strand is the non-template strand whose nucleotide sequence is equivalent to the sequence of the mRNA transcript. DNA sense Because of the complementary nature of base-pairing between nucleic acid polymers, a double-stranded DNA molecule will be composed of two strands with sequences that are reverse complements of each other. To help molecular biologists specifically identify each strand individually, the two strands are usually differentiated as the "sense" strand and the "antisense" strand. An individual strand of DNA is referred to as positive-sense (also positive (+) or simply se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
