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Arabisches Wörterbuch Für Die Schriftsprache Der Gegenwart
''A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'' (originally published in German as 'Arabic dictionary for the contemporary written language'), also published in English as ''The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', is a translation dictionary of modern written Arabic compiled by Hans Wehr. The original Arabic-German dictionary was first published in 1952, with additional materials published in the in 1959. The Arabic-English edition edited by J Milton Cowan, based on the German 1952 edition and the 1959 supplement with revisions and improvements, was published in 1961. The dictionary is based on attestations in written Arabic taken from modern literature, newspapers, and state documents. Its lexical entries are organized according to Arabic root. The work is compiled on descriptive principles: only words and expressions that are attested in context are included. "It was chiefly based on combing modern works of Arabic literature for lexical items, rather than culling them ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Wehr
Hans Bodo Wehr (; 5 July 190924 May 1981) was a German Arabist. He is best known for his work on '' A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', originally published in German as in 1952. The system of transliteration used in the dictionary has become known as Hans Wehr transliteration. Life Wehr was born in Leipzig in 5 July 1909. He attended a gymnasium in Halle, and then studied at universities in Halle, Berlin, and Leipzig. He received his doctorate in 1935 and his habilitation in 1939. He joined the Nazi Party in 1940, and wrote an essay arguing that Germany should ally with the Arabs against Great Britain and France. He had begun work on an ArabicGerman dictionary, and the project received funding from the German government, which intended to use make use of the dictionary in translating ''Mein Kampf'' into Arabic. For a time, Wehr was assisted in his project by Hedwig Klein. His dictionary, entitled , was eventually published in 1952. An English version, edited by J Mil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilingual Dictionary
A bilingual dictionary or translation dictionary is a specialized dictionary used to Translation, translate Word (linguistics), words or phrases from one language to another. Bilingual dictionaries can be ''unidirectional'', meaning that they list the meanings of words of one language in another, or can be ''wikt:bidirectional, bidirectional'', allowing translation to and from both languages. Bidirectional bilingual dictionaries usually consist of two sections, each listing words and phrases of one language along with their translation. In addition to the translation, a bilingual dictionary usually indicates the lexical category, part of speech, grammatical gender, gender, grammatical conjugation, verb type, declension, declension model and other grammatical clues to help a foreign language, non-native speaker use the word. Other features sometimes present in bilingual dictionaries are lists of phrases, usage and style guides, verb tables, maps and grammar references. In contrast to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ameen Rihani
Ameen Rihani (Amīn Fāris Anṭūn ar-Rīḥānī; / ALA-LC: ''Amīn ar-Rīḥānī''; November 24, 1876 – September 13, 1940) was a Lebanese-American writer, intellectual and political activist. He was also a major figure in the ''mahjar'' literary movement developed by Arab emigrants in North America, and an early theorist of Arab nationalism. He became an American citizen in 1901. Early days Ameen Rihani was born on November 24, 1876, in Freike, in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Rihani was one of six children and the oldest son of a Lebanese Maronite raw silk manufacturer, Fares Rihani. In 1888, his father sent his brother and Ameen to New York City; he followed them a year later. Ameen, then eleven years old, was placed in a school where he learned the rudiments of the English language. His father and uncle, having established themselves as merchants in a small cellar in lower Manhattan, soon felt the need for an assistant who could read and write in English. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kahlil Gibran
Gibran Khalil Gibran (January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931), usually referred to in English as Kahlil Gibran, was a Lebanese-American writer, poet and Visual arts, visual artist; he was also considered a philosopher, although he himself rejected the title. He is best known as the author of ''The Prophet (book), The Prophet'', which was first published in the United States in 1923 and has since become one of the List of best-selling books, best-selling books of all time, having been Translations of The Prophet, translated into more than 100 languages. Born in Bsharri, a village of the Ottoman-ruled Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate to a Maronites, Maronite Christian family, young Gibran immigrated with his mother and siblings to the United States in 1895. As his mother worked as a seamstress, he was enrolled at a school in Boston, where his creative abilities were quickly noticed by a teacher who presented him to photographer and publisher F. Holland Day. Gibran was sent back to his n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mustafa Lutfi Al-Manfaluti
Mustafa Lutfi el-Manfaluti (, ; 1876–1924) was an Egyptian writer, and poet who wrote a number of Arabic books. He was born in the Upper Egyptian city of Manfalut to an Egyptian father and a Turkish mother. Early life el-Manfaluti memorized the Quran before the age of twelve. He studied at Al-Azhar University in Cairo. He translated, and novelized plays from French. Moreover, el-Manfaluti wrote and translated several short stories. He began writing A''l-Nazarat in'' 1907'','' which is his most famous work, including a collection of his articles under the title: A''l-Nazarat'' (). One of el-Manfaluti's most notable traits is that he couldn't read or speak French. He asked some of his friends to translate the play or the book to Arabic, then he rewrote them. Books Some of his books include: *''Majdolin'' () *''Al-Abarat (The Tears)'' (), first published in 1915. *''Ash-Sha'er (The Poet)'' () *''Fee Sabeel Et-taj (For the Sake of the Crown)'' () *''Al-Fadeela (Virtue)'' () * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud Taymur
Mahmud Taymur (16 June 1894–25 August 1973) was a fiction writer. He contributed to several publications. Biography He was born in Cairo on 16 June 1894. into a family famous for literature. His father, Ahmed Taymour (1871-1930) was a well-known writer, who was known for his broad interests in Arab heritage, and he was a researcher in the arts of Arabic language, literature and history. Ahmed Taymur left a great library, which is "Timurid", which is considered an ammunition for researchers to date in the Egyptian Books House, including the anecdotes of books and manuscripts. His brother Muhammad Taymur wrote the first short story in Arabic literature Arabic literature ( / ALA-LC: ''al-Adab al-‘Arabī'') is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is ''Adab (Islam), Adab'', which comes from a meaning of etiquett .... Mahmud Taymur was among the contributors of '' Al Katib Al Misri'', a Cairo-b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tawfiq Al-Hakim
Tawfiq al-Hakim or Tawfik el-Hakim (, ; October 9, 1898 – July 26, 1987) was an Egyptian writer. He is one of the pioneers of the Arabic novel and drama. The triumphs and failures that are represented by the reception of his enormous output of plays are emblematic of the issues that have confronted the Egyptian drama genre as it has endeavored to adapt its complex modes of communication to Egyptian society. Early life Tawfiq Ismail al-Hakim was born on October 9, 1898, in Ramleh city in Alexandria, Egypt, to an Egyptian father and a Turkish mother. His father, a wealthy and illustrious Egyptian civil officer, worked as a judge in the judiciary in the Egyptian village of al-Delnegat, in central Beheira province. His mother was the daughter of a retired Turkish officer. Tawfiq al-Hakim enrolled at the Damanhour primary school at the age of seven. He left primary school in 1915 and his father put him in a public school in the Beheira province, where Tawfiq al-Hakim finished sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammed Hussein Heikal
Mohammed Hussein Heikal ( ; August 20, 1888 – December 8, 1956) was an Egyptian writer, journalist, politician. He held several cabinet posts, including minister of education. Life Haekal was born in Kafr Ghannam, Mansoura, Ad Daqahliyah in 1888. He obtained a B.A. in Law in 1909 and a PhD from the Sorbonne University in Paris in 1912. While a student in Paris, he composed what is considered the first authentic Egyptian novel, '' Zaynab''. After returning to Egypt, he worked as a lawyer for 10 years, then as a journalist. He published articles in '' Al Jarida''. He was the cofounder of '' Al Siyasa'' newspaper, the organ of the Liberal Constitutionalist party for which he was also an adviser and was also elected as its editor-in-chief. In 1937, he was appointed as minister of state for the interior ministry in Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha's second government. In November 1940 he was appointed minister of education to the cabinet led by Hussein Sirri Pasha. In this post he introd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taha Hussein
Taha Hussein (, ; November 15, 1889 – October 28, 1973) was among the most influential 20th-century Egyptian writers and intellectuals, and a leading figure of the Arab Renaissance and the modernist movement in the Arab world. His sobriquet was "The Dean of Arabic Literature" (). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty-one times. Early life Taha Hussein was born in Izbet el Kilo, a village in the Minya Governorate in central Upper Egypt. He was the seventh of thirteen children of lower middle class Muslim parents. He contracted ophthalmia at the age of two, and became blind as a result of malpractice by an unskilled physician. After attending a kuttab, he studied religion and Arabic literature at El Azhar University; but from an early age, he was dissatisfied with the traditional education system. When the secular Cairo University was founded in 1908, he was keen to be admitted, and despite being poor and blind, he won a place. In 1914, he received a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Arabic Literature
The instance that marked the shift in Arabic literature towards modern Arabic literature can be attributed to the contact between Arab world and the West during the 19th and early 20th century. This contact resulted in the gradual replacement of Classical Arabic forms with Western ones. Genres like plays, novels, and short stories were coming to the fore. Although the exact date in which this reformation in literary production occurred is unknown, the rise of modern Arabic literature was "inseparable" from the Nahda, also referred to as the Arab Renaissance. Aleppine writer Qustaki al-Himsi (1858–1941) is credited with having founded modern Arabic literary criticism, with one of his works, ''The researcher's source in the science of criticism''. Context The development that Arabic Literature witnessed by the end of the 19th century was not merely in the form of reformation; for both maronite Germanos Farhat (died 1732) and al-Allusi in Iraq had previously attempted to inflict ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Source
In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an Artifact (archaeology), artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic. Similar definitions can be used in library science and other areas of scholarship, although different fields have somewhat different definitions. In journalism, a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation, or a document written by such a person. Primary sources are distinguished from ''secondary sources'', which cite, comment on, or build upon primary sources. Generally, accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight are secondary. A secondary source may also be a primary source depending on how it is used. For example, a memoir would be considered a primary source in research concerning its author or about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Heinrich Becker
Carl Heinrich Becker (12 April 1876 – 10 February 1933) was a German orientalist and politician in Prussia. In 1921 and 1925–1930, he served as Minister for Culture in Prussia (independent). He was one of the founders of the study of the contemporary Middle East and a reformer of the system of higher education in the Weimar Republic. Early life and study Becker was born in Amsterdam, the son of a banker. He attended universities at Lausanne, Heidelberg, and Berlin, and travelled in Spain, Sudan, Greece, and Turkey, before earning his doctorate in 1899. Academic career In 1902, Becker became a ''privatdozent'' for semitic philology at the University of Heidelberg, where he came into contact with Max Weber. After his habilitation in 1908, he was appointed Professor of History and Culture of the Orient at the newly founded Hamburg Colonial Institute and Director of the Seminar for History and Culture of the Orient in Hamburg. In 1910, he founded '' Der Islam'', a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
