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Approval Ballot
An approval ballot, also called an unordered ballot, is a ballot in which a voter may vote for any number of candidates simultaneously, rather than for just one candidate. Candidates that are selected in a voter's ballot are said to be ''approved'' by the voter; the other candidates are said to be ''disapproved'' or ''rejected''. Approval ballots do not let the voters specify a preference-order among the candidates they approve; hence the name ''unordered''. This is in contrast to ranked ballots, which are ordered. There are several electoral systems that use approval balloting; they differ in the way in which the election outcome is determined: * In approval voting, there is a single winner, and he/she is the candidate with the largest number of votes. * In multiple non-transferable vote (also called block voting) there is a fixed number (say ''k'') of winners, and they are the ''k'' candidates with the largest number of votes. * In other multiwinner approval voting systems, there i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ballot
A ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election and may be found as a piece of paper or a small ball used in voting. It was originally a small ball (see blackballing) used to record decisions made by voters in Italy around the 16th century. Each voter uses one ballot, and ballots are not shared. In the simplest elections, a ballot may be a scrap of paper on which each voter writes in the name of a candidate, but governmental elections use printed ballots to protect the secrecy of the votes. The voter casts their ballot in a box at a polling station. In British English, this is usually called a "ballot paper". The word ''ballot'' is used for an election process within an organization (such as a trade union "holding a ballot" of its members). Etymology The word ballot comes from Italian ''ballotta'', meaning a "small ball used in voting" or a "secret vote taken by ballots" in Venice, Italy. History In ancient Greece, citizens used pieces of broken pottery to scratch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ranked Ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' Ordinal utility, rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system depends only on voters' total order, order of preference of the candidates. Ranked voting systems vary dramatically in how preferences are tabulated and counted, which gives them Comparison of voting rules, very different properties. In instant-runoff voting (IRV) and the single transferable vote system (STV), lower preferences are used as contingencies (back-up preferences) and are only applied when all higher-ranked preferences on a ballot have been eliminated or when the vote has been cast for a candidate who has been elected and surplus votes need to be transferred. Ranked votes of this type do not suffer the problem that a marked lower preference may be used against a voter's higher marked preference. Some ranked vote systems use ranks as weights; these systems are called positional voting. In the B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral System
An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, nonprofit organizations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, Suffrage, who is allowed to vote, Nomination rules, who can stand as a candidate, Voting method, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on Campaign finance, campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Approval Voting
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters can approve of all the candidates as they like instead of Plurality voting, choosing one. The method is designed to eliminate vote-splitting while keeping election administration simple and Summability criterion, easy-to-count (requiring only a single score for each candidate). Approval voting has been used in both organizational and political elections to improve representativeness and voter satisfaction. Critics of approval voting have argued the simple ballot format is a disadvantage, as it forces a Dichotomous preferences, binary choice for each candidate (instead of the expressive grades of other rated voting rules). Effect on elections Research by Social choice theory, social choice theorists Steven Brams and Dudley R. Herschbach found that approval voting would increase voter participation, prevent minor-party candidates from being spoiler effect, spoilers, and reduce negative campaigning. Brams' researc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiple Non-transferable Vote
Plurality block voting is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number of seats to be filled. The candidates with the most votes are elected. The usual result when the candidates divide into parties is that the most-popular party in the district sees its full slate of candidates elected, even if the party does not have support of majority of the voters. The term plurality at-large is in common usage in elections for representative members of a body who are elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body (for example, a city, state or province, nation, club or association). Where the system is used in a territory divided into multi-member electoral districts the system is commonly referred to as "block voting" or the "bloc vote". These systems are usually based on a single round of voting. The party-list version of block voting is party block voting (PBV), also called the general ticket, which also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiwinner Approval Voting
Multiwinner approval voting, sometimes also called approval-based committee (ABC) voting, refers to a family of multi-winner Electoral system, electoral systems that use Approval ballot, approval ballots. Each voter may select ("approve") any number of candidates, and multiple candidates are elected. Multiwinner approval voting is an adaptation of approval voting to Multiwinner voting, multiwinner elections. In a single-winner approval voting system, it is easy to determine the winner: it is the candidate approved by the largest number of voters. In multiwinner approval voting, there are many different ways to decide which candidates will be elected. Approval block voting In approval block voting (also called unlimited voting), each voter either approves or disapproves of each candidate, and the ''k'' candidates with the most approval votes win (where ''k'' is the predetermined committee size). It does not provide proportional representation. Proportional approval voting P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justified Representation
Justified representation (JR) is a criterion of fairness in multiwinner approval voting. It can be seen as an adaptation of the proportional representation criterion to approval voting. Background Proportional representation (PR) is an important consideration in designing electoral systems. It means that the various groups and sectors in the population should be represented in the parliament in proportion to their size. The most common system for ensuring proportional representation is the party-list system. In this system, the candidates are partitioned into parties, and each citizen votes for a single party. Each party receives a number of seats proportional to the number of citizens who voted for it. For example, for a parliament with 10 seats, if exactly 50% of the citizens vote for party A, exactly 30% vote for party B, and exactly 20% vote for party C, then proportional representation requires that the parliament contains exactly 5 candidates from party A, exactly 3 can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dichotomous Preferences
In economics, dichotomous preferences (DP) are preference relations that divide the set of alternatives to two subsets, "Good" and "Bad". From ordinal utility perspective, DP means that for every two alternatives X,Y: : X \preceq Y \iff X \in Bad \text Y \in Good : X \prec Y \iff X \in Bad \text Y \in Good From cardinal utility perspective, DP means that for each agent, there are two utility levels: low and high, and for every alternative X: : u(X) = u_ \iff X\in Bad : u(X) = u_ \iff X\in Good A common way to let people express dichotomous preferences is using approval ballots, in which each voter can either "approve" or "reject" each alternative. In fair item assignment In the context of fair item assignment, DP can be represented by a mathematical logic formula: for every agent, there is a formula that describes his desired bundles. An agent is satisfied if-and-only-if he receives a bundle that satisfies the formula. A special case of DP is single-mindedness. A single ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Approval Ballot
An approval ballot, also called an unordered ballot, is a ballot in which a voter may vote for any number of candidates simultaneously, rather than for just one candidate. Candidates that are selected in a voter's ballot are said to be ''approved'' by the voter; the other candidates are said to be ''disapproved'' or ''rejected''. Approval ballots do not let the voters specify a preference-order among the candidates they approve; hence the name ''unordered''. This is in contrast to ranked ballots, which are ordered. There are several electoral systems that use approval balloting; they differ in the way in which the election outcome is determined: * In approval voting, there is a single winner, and he/she is the candidate with the largest number of votes. * In multiple non-transferable vote (also called block voting) there is a fixed number (say ''k'') of winners, and they are the ''k'' candidates with the largest number of votes. * In other multiwinner approval voting systems, there i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
