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Altunkupri
Altun Kupri (, , or ''Prde'') is a town in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. Its inhabitants are predominantly Turkmen, with a minority of Kurds and Arabs. It is located on the banks of the Little Zab and lies along the Erbil–Kirkuk road. The town is described as having an 'intrinsic strategic significance' and is disputed. Etymology Altun Kupri is the Anglicized version of the Iraqi Turkmen word for "altın köprü" in standard Turkish language, which is literally 'Golden Bridge' in English. There are different theories for the town's name. Some believe that 'Golden Bridge' refers to a Turkish or Kurdish woman of that name, while others believe it refers to the colorful caravans that passed the town and its bridge on their way between Mosul and Baghdad. History Ottoman Sultan Murad IV built two bridges in the town which made it gain importance. It was visited by many European travellers and known for its scenery. Altun Kupri had approximately 400 to 500 households by the en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soran Emirate
Soran Emirate () was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514 and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836. Kor was ousted in an offensive by the Ottomans. Early years While no date has been established for the origin of the Soran Emirate, Kurdish historian Sharafkhan Bidlisi mentions the Emirate in Sharafnama in 1597 as established by a shepherd named ''Isa''. Bitlisi claims that villagers quickly followed the popular Isa and attacked the Rewan Castle where they established themselves. They took the name ''Soran'' meaning ''from red'' after the red stones near the castle. Qadir Muhammad Muhammad writes that the emirate was likely established sometime between the 1330s and 1430s. Years later, during the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 between the Ottomans and the Safavids, the Emirate was able to conquer land between Erbil and Kirkuk. In 1534, Emir Ezaddin Sher was executed by Suleiman the Magnificen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1991 Altun Köpru Massacre
The Altun Kupri massacre (, ) occurred on 28 March 1991 in the Turkmen town of Altun Kupri, Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. The massacre targeted Turkmens, in particular males, both children and adults alike, and was organized by security forces affiliated with Saddam Hussein's army. It came as a result of curbing the 1991 uprising in the dissident areas in the north and south of the country. Background Shortly after the Iraqi army retreated from Kuwait, a series of popular uprisings began in the north and south. This came as a direct result of the perception that Saddam Hussein and his leadership had become weakened by the adventurism in Kuwait and in part by the losses during the Iran–Iraq War. Saddam Hussein quickly ordered his troops and other loyalist to curb the uprising leading to a brutal crackdowns with many civilian losses. Altun Köpru in the north, was among the cities which Kurdish rebels had overrun in their quest for the oil-rich disputed city of Kirkuk, and for thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Sovereign States
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty. The 205 listed states can be divided into three categories based on membership within the United Nations System: 193 member states of the United Nations, UN member states, two United Nations General Assembly observers#Current non-member observers, UN General Assembly non-member observer states, and ten other states. The ''sovereignty dispute'' column indicates states having undisputed sovereignty (188 states, of which there are 187 UN member states and one UN General Assembly non-member observer state), states having disputed sovereignty (15 states, of which there are six UN member states, one UN General Assembly non-member observer state, and eight de facto states), and states having a political status of the Cook Islands and Niue, special political status (two states, both in associated state, free association with New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Language
English is a West Germanic language that developed in early medieval England and has since become a English as a lingua franca, global lingua franca. The namesake of the language is the Angles (tribe), Angles, one of the Germanic peoples that Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, migrated to Britain after its End of Roman rule in Britain, Roman occupiers left. English is the list of languages by total number of speakers, most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the United States. English is the list of languages by number of native speakers, third-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish language, Spanish; it is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. English is either the official language or one of the official languages in list of countries and territories where English ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iraqi Army
The Iraqi Ground Forces (Arabic: القوات البرية العراقية), also referred to as the Iraqi Army (Arabic: الجيش العراقي), is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces. It was formerly known as the Royal Iraqi Army up until the 14 July Revolution, coup of July 1958. The current commander is Lieutenant General Qassim Muhammad Salih. The Iraqi Army in its modern form was first created by the United Kingdom during the Interwar period, inter-war period of ''de facto'' British control of Mandatory Iraq. Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces in 2003, the Iraqi Army was rebuilt along U.S. lines with enormous amounts of U.S. military assistance at every level. Because of the Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011), Iraqi insurgency that began shortly after the invasion, the Iraqi Army was later designed to initially be a counter-insurgency force. With the Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011), withdrawal of U.S. troop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gulf War
, combatant2 = , commander1 = , commander2 = , strength1 = Over 950,000 soldiers3,113 tanks1,800 aircraft2,200 artillery systems , page = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-PEMD-96-10/pdf/GAOREPORTS-PEMD-96-10.pdf , strength2 = 1,000,000+ soldiers (~600,000 in Kuwait)5,500 tanks700+ aircraft3,000 artillery systems , casualties1 = Total:13,488 Coalition:292 killed (147 killed by enemy action, 145 non-hostile deaths)776 wounded (467 wounded in action)31 tanks destroyed/disabled28 Bradley IFVs destroyed/damaged1 M113 APC destroyed2 British Warrior APCs destroyed1 artillery piece destroyed75 aircraft destroyedKuwait:420 killed 12,000 captured ≈200 tanks destroyed/captured 850+ other armored vehicles destroyed/captured 57 aircraft lost 8 aircraft captured (Mirage F1s) 17 ships sunk, 6 captured. Acig.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2011 , casualties2 = Total:175,000–300,000+ Iraqi:20,000–50,000 killed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 until Saddam Hussein statue destruction, his overthrow in 2003 during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, U.S. invasion of Iraq. He previously served as the Vice President of Iraq, vice president from 1968 to 1979 and also as the prime minister of Iraq, prime minister from 1979 to 1991 and later from 1994 to 2003. A leading member of the Ba'ath Party, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, he espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, while the policies and political ideas he championed are collectively known as Saddamism. Born near the city of Tikrit to a Sunni Islam, Sunni Arabs, Arab family, Saddam joined the revolutionary Ba'ath Party in 1957. He played a key role in the 17 July Revolution that brought the Ba'athists to power and made him Vice President of Iraq, vice president under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. During his tenure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabization
Arabization or Arabicization () is a sociology, sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arabs, Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic, Arabic language, Arab culture, culture, Arabic literature, literature, Islamic art, art, Arabic music, music, and Arab identity, ethnic identity as well as other Sociocultural system, socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of cultural assimilation that often includes a language shift. The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Arab culture and become "Arabized". Arabization took place after the Early Muslim conquests, Muslim conquest of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as during the more recent Arab nationalism, Arab nationalist policies toward non-Arabic speaking minorities in modern Arab world, Arab states, such as Algeria, Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq, Iraq,''Iraq, Claims in Conflict: Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Erfurt
The University of Erfurt () is a public university located in Erfurt, the capital city of the German state of Thuringia. It was founded in 1379, and closed in 1816. It was re-established in 1994, three years after German reunification. Therefore, it claims to be both the oldest and youngest university in Germany. The institution identifies itself as a reform university, due to its most famous alumnus Martin Luther, the instigator of the Reformation, who studied there from 1501 to 1505. Today, the main foci centre on multidisciplinarity, internationality, and mentoring. The university is home to the Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies, the Gotha Research Center for Cultural and Social Scientific Studies, and the Willy Brandt School of Public Policy. The Gotha Research Library, which has one of Germany's largest collections of early modern manuscripts, is part of the university. The University Library is also the keeper of the ''Bibliotheca Amploniana'', a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Pasha Of Rawanduz
Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz (Kurdish language, Kurdish: ''Mîr Mihemed Paşa'', ; also known as ''Mirê Kor,'' Kor Mir- the "blind prince"; born in Rawandiz; 1783–1838) was the Kurds, Kurdish Mir (title), Mir of the Soran Emirate (1813–1838). He led an unsuccessful attack against the Bohtan, Emirate of Botan of Bedir Khan Beg in 1834. Mir Kor had the title of Mir (title), Mir-i miran "Mir of mirs". Under Emir Kor, the Soran emirate developed a powerful army. It consisted of between 30 and 50,000 tribal musketeers who were given regular salaries, having the appearance of a national army. pp.94–98. Kor himself ate each evening with 100-200 soldiers from different tribes. A multitude of different tribes joined his army such as the Rewendek, Sidek, Shirwani, Rusuri, Malibas, Muzuri (tribe), Muzuri, Sheikhab, Nurik, Kheilani, Khoshnaw, Hnearai, Herki (tribe), Herki, Sheikh Mahmudi, Kassan, Derijiki, Bamami, Sekw, Shikuli, Mendik, Baimar, Balak (tribe), Balak, and Piraji. Muhammad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirza Abu Taleb Khan
Mirza Abu Taleb Khan (; more formally Mirzá Abú Muhammad Tabrízí Isfahání, , known as The Persian Prince during his stay in London and as Abú Tálib Londoni once back in IndiaIn Persian naming, Mirza is either an honorific to identify patriarchal lineage to royal aristocracies, or alternatively an honorific denoting a secretary. Khan is, or is derived from, a title for an honoured person, albeit one increasingly incorporated as a family name. It is probable, per his formal name, that our subject's given names are Abú Muhammad, family name Tabrízí or Taleb of the Isfahání region, identified as a Mirza and a Khan. Hajy as part of his father's name indicates that Mohammed Beg Khan has made the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. In this article, Abu Taleb is used as a shortened name for the subject. More minor variations such as Taleb and Talib reflect different styles of transliteration of Persian into English. 1752–)Two different dates and two different places of death are f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad IV
Murad IV (, ''Murād-ı Rābiʿ''; , 27 July 1612 – 8 February 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Murad IV was born in Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) and Kösem Sultan. He was brought to power by a palace conspiracy when he was just 11 years old, and he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I (r. 1617–18, 1622–23). Until he assumed absolute power on 18 May 1632, the empire was ruled by his mother, Kösem Sultan, as ''nāʾib-i salṭanat'' (regent). His reign is most notable for the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639), Ottoman–Safavid War, of which the Treaty of Zuhab, outcome would partition the Caucasus between the two Imperial powers for around two centuries, while it also roughly laid the foundation for the current Turkey–Iran–Iraq borders. Early life Murad IV was born on 27 July 1612 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
