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Altiplano–Puna Magma Body
The Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB), a magma body located within the Altiplano-Puna plateau approximately 10–20 km beneath the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) in the Central Andes. High resolution tomography shows that this magma body has a diameter of ~200 km, a depth of 14–20 km, with a total volume of ~500,000 km3, making it the largest known active magma body on Earth. Thickness estimates for the APMB are varied, with some as low as 1 km, others around 10–20 km, and some extending as far down as the Moho. The APMB is primarily composed of 7-10 wt% water andesitic melts and the upper portion may contain more dacitic melts with partial melt percentages ranging from 10-40%. Measurements indicate that the region around the Uturuncu volcano in Bolivia is uplifting at a rate of ~10 mm/year, surrounded by a large region of subsidence. This movement is likely a result of the APMB interacting with the surrounding rock and causing defor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasa Anden Altiplano
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the federal government of the United States, US federal government responsible for the United States's civil list of government space agencies, space program, aeronautics research and outer space, space research. National Aeronautics and Space Act, Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the American space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most of America's space exploration programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo program missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) along with the Commercial Crew Program and oversees the development of the Orion (spacecraft), Orion spacecraft and the Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altiplano–Puna Volcanic Complex
The Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex (), also known as APVC, is a complex of volcanic systems in the Puna of the Andes. It is located in the Altiplano area, a highland bounded by the Bolivian Cordillera Real in the east and by the main chain of the Andes, the Western Cordillera, in the west. It results from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate. Melts caused by subduction have generated the volcanoes of the Andean Volcanic Belt including the APVC. The volcanic province is located between 21° S–24° S latitude. The APVC spans the countries of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. In the Miocene–Pliocene (10-1 mya), calderas erupted felsic ignimbrites in four distinct pulses separated by periods of low levels of activity. At least three volcanic centres ( Guacha caldera, La Pacana, Pastos Grandes, Vilama) had eruptions of a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8, as well as smaller scale eruptive centres. Activity waned after 2 mya, but present-da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seismic Tomography
Seismic tomography or seismotomography is a technique for imaging the subsurface of the Earth using seismic waves. The properties of seismic waves are modified by the material through which they travel. By comparing the differences in seismic waves recorded at different locations, it is possible to create a model of the subsurface structure. Most commonly, these seismic waves are generated by earthquakes or man-made sources such as explosions. Different types of waves, including P, S, Rayleigh, and Love waves can be used for tomographic images, though each comes with their own benefits and downsides and are used depending on the geologic setting, seismometer coverage, distance from nearby earthquakes, and required resolution. The model created by tomographic imaging is almost always a seismic velocity model, and features within this model may be interpreted as structural, thermal, or compositional variations. Geoscientists apply seismic tomography to a wide variety of settings i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohorovičić Discontinuity
The Mohorovičić discontinuity ( ; )usually called the Moho discontinuity, Moho boundary, or just Mohois the boundary between the Earth's crust, crust and the Earth's mantle, mantle of Earth. It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of seismic waves as they pass through changing densities of rock. The Moho lies almost entirely within the lithosphere (the hard outer layer of the Earth, including the crust). Only beneath mid-ocean ridges does it define the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (the depth at which the mantle becomes significantly ductile). The Mohorovičić discontinuity is below the ocean floor, and beneath typical continental crusts, with an average of . Named after the pioneering Croats, Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, the Moho separates both the oceanic crust and continental crust from the underlying mantle. The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from Depth of focus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uturuncu
Uturuncu is a dormant volcano in the Sur Lípez Province of Bolivia. It is high, has two summit peaks, and consists of a complex of lava domes and lava flows with a total volume estimated to be . It bears traces of a former glaciation, even though it does not currently carry glaciers. Volcanic activity took place during the Pleistocene epoch and the last eruption was 250,000 years ago; since then Uturuncu has not erupted but active fumaroles occur in the summit region, between the two summits. The volcano rises within the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex, a larger province of large volcanoes and calderas which over the last few million years (mya) have emplaced about of ignimbrites in sometimes very large eruptions. Underneath it lies the so-called Altiplano–Puna magmatic body, a large sill formed by partially molten rocks. Starting in 1992, satellite observations have indicated a large area of regional uplift centered on Uturuncu, which has been interpreted as an indic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deformation (volcanology)
In volcanology, deformation refers to the change in the shape of a volcano or the surrounding landscape due to the movement of magma. This can be in the form of inflation, which is a response to pressurization, or deflation, which is a response to depressurization. Inflation is represented by swelling of the ground surface, a volcanic edifice, or a subsurface magma body. It can be caused by magma accumulation, exsolution of Volatile (astrogeology), volatiles, Geothermal energy, geothermal processes, heating, and tectonic Compression (geology), compression. Deflation is represented by shrinking of the ground surface, a volcanic edifice, or a subsurface magma body. It can be caused by magma withdrawal (related to intrusion or Types of volcanic eruptions, eruption), volatile escape, thermal contraction, phase changes during crystallization, and Extensional tectonics, tectonic extension. Deformation is a key indicator of pre-eruptive unrest at many active volcanoes, but deformation si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geophysical Imaging
Geophysical imaging (also known as geophysical tomography) is a minimally destructive geophysical technique that investigates the subsurface of a terrestrial planet. Geophysical imaging is a noninvasive imaging technique with a high parametrical and spatio-temporal resolution. It can be used to model a surface or object understudy in 2D or 3D as well as monitor changes. There are many applications of geophysical imaging some of which include imaging the lithosphere and imaging glaciers. Many different techniques exist to perform geophysical imaging including seismic methods, electrical resistivity tomography, ground-penetrating radar, etc. Types of geophysical imaging: *Electrical resistivity tomography *Ground-penetrating radar *Induced polarization * Seismic tomography and Reflection seismology *Magnetotellurics Applications Imaging the Lithosphere Some geophysical imaging techniques for the Earth's lithosphere and upper mantle include teleseismic tomography, surface-wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diapir
A diapir (; , ) is a type of intrusion in which a more mobile and ductilely deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks. Depending on the tectonic environment, diapirs can range from idealized mushroom-shaped Rayleigh–Taylor instability structures in regions with low tectonic stress such as in the Gulf of Mexico to narrow dikes of material that move along tectonically induced fractures in surrounding rock. The term was introduced by Romanian geologist Ludovic Mrazek, who was the first to understand the principle of salt tectonics and plasticity. The term ''diapir'' may be applied to '' igneous intrusions'', but it is more commonly applied to non-igneous, relatively cold materials, such as salt domes and mud diapirs. If a salt diapir reaches the surface, it can flow because salt becomes ductile with a small amount of moisture, forming a salt glacier. Occurrence Differential loading causes salt deposits covered by overburden (sediment) to rise upward tow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deformation Model For Uturuncu Volcano, Bolivia
Deformation can refer to: * Deformation (engineering), changes in an object's shape or form due to the application of a force or forces. ** Deformation (physics), such changes considered and analyzed as displacements of continuum bodies. * Deformation (meteorology), a measure of the rate at which the shapes of clouds and other fluid bodies change. * Deformation (mathematics), the study of conditions leading to slightly different solutions of mathematical equations, models and problems. * Deformation (volcanology), a measure of the rate at which the shapes of volcanoes change. * Deformation (biology), a harmful mutation or other deformation in an organism. See also * Deformity (medicine), a major difference in the shape of a body part or organ compared to its common or average shape. * Plasticity (physics) In physics and materials science, plasticity (also known as plastic deformation) is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent Deformation (engineering), defo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interferometric Synthetic-aperture Radar
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, abbreviated InSAR (or deprecated IfSAR), is a radar technique used in geodesy and remote sensing. This geodetic method uses two or more synthetic aperture radar (SAR) radar imaging, images to generate maps of surface deformation or digital elevation map, digital elevation, using differences in the Phase (waves), phase of the waves returning to the satellite or aircraft. The technique can potentially measure millimetre-scale changes in deformation over spans of days to years. It has applications for geophysical monitoring of natural hazards, for example earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides, and in structural engineering, in particular monitoring of subsidence and structural stability. Technique Synthetic aperture radar Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar in which sophisticated processing of radar data is used to produce a very narrow effective beam. It can be used to form images of relatively immobile targets; moving ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bouguer Anomaly
In geodesy and geophysics, the Bouguer anomaly (named after Pierre Bouguer) is a gravity anomaly, corrected for the height at which it is measured and the attraction of terrain. The height correction alone gives a free-air gravity anomaly. Definition The Bouguer anomaly g_B defined as: g_B = g_ - \delta g_B + \delta g_T Here, * g_F is the free-air gravity anomaly. * \delta g_B is the ''Bouguer correction'' which allows for the gravitational attraction of rocks between the measurement point and sea level; * \delta g_T is a ''terrain correction'' which allows for deviations of the surface from an infinite horizontal plane The free-air anomaly g_F, in its turn, is related to the observed gravity g_ as follows: g_F = g_ - g_\lambda + \delta g_F where: * g_\lambda is the correction for latitude (because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; see normal gravity); * \delta g_F is the free-air correction. Reduction A Bouguer reduction is called ''simple'' (or ''incomplete'') if t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnetotellurics
Magnetotellurics (MT) is an Electromagnetism, electromagnetic geophysics, geophysical method for inferring the earth's subsurface electrical conductivity from measurements of natural geomagnetic and geoelectric field variation at the Earth's surface. Investigation depth ranges from 100 m below ground by recording higher frequencies down to 200 km or deeper with long-period soundings. Proposed in Japan in the 1940s, and France and the USSR during the early 1950s, MT is now an international academic discipline and is used in exploration surveys around the world. Commercial uses include hydrocarbon (oil and gas) exploration, Geothermal energy, geothermal exploration, carbon sequestration, mining exploration, as well as hydrocarbon and groundwater monitoring. Research applications include experimentation to further develop the MT technique, long-period deep crustal exploration, deep mantle probing, sub-glacial water flow mapping, and earthquake precursor research. Histor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
