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Aktiengesellschaft
(; abbreviated AG ) is a German language, German word for a corporation limited by Share (finance), share ownership (i.e., one which is owned by its shareholders) whose shares may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland (where it is equivalent to a ''S.A. (corporation), société anonyme'' or a ''società per azioni'') and South Tyrol for companies incorporated there. In the United Kingdom, the equivalent term is public limited company, and in the United States, while the terms "Incorporation (business), incorporated" or "corporation" are typically used, technically the more precise equivalent term is "joint-stock company". Meaning of the word The German word ''Aktiengesellschaft'' is a compound noun made up of two elements: ''Aktien'' meaning an acting part or shares, share, and ''Gesellschaft'', meaning company or society. English translations include ''share company'', or ''company limited by shares'', or joint-stock company. In German, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sociedad Anónima
The abbreviation S.A. or SA designates a type of limited company in certain countries, most of which have a Romance languages, Romance language as their official language and operate a derivative of the 1804, Napoleonic, civil law (legal system), civil law. Originally, shareholders could be anonymous and collect dividends by surrendering coupon (finance), coupons attached to their stock certificate, share certificates. Dividends were paid to whomever held the certificate. Since share certificates could be transferred privately, corporate management would not necessarily know who owned its shares – nor did anyone but the holders. As with bearer bonds, anonymous unregistered share ownership and dividend collection enabled money laundering, tax evasion, and concealed business transactions in general, so governments passed laws to audit the practice. Nowadays, shareholders of S.A.s are not anonymous, though shares can still be held by a holding company to obscure the benefici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akciová Společnost
A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the continued existence of the company. In modern-day corporate law, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with incorporation (possession of legal personality separate from shareholders) and limited liability (shareholders are liable for the company's debts only to the value of the money they have invested in the company). Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies. Some jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the United Kingdom and in other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as unlimited companies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naamloze Vennootschap
(; abbreviated as N.V. or NV ) or (in the French Community of Belgium) ' ('' SA'') is a type of public company defined by business law in the Netherlands, Belgium, Indonesia (where it is known as , correctly abbreviated PT and allows for private companies), and Suriname. The company is owned by shareholders, and the company's shares are not registered to certain owners, so that they may be traded on the public stock market. The phrase literally means "nameless partnership" or "anonymous venture" and comes from the fact that the partners (the shareholders) are not directly known. This is in contrast to the term for a private limited company, which is called (an "exclusive" or "closed partnership", one in which stock is not for sale on open markets). Each is a legal entity in the Netherlands, Belgium, Aruba, Curaçao, Suriname, Sint Maarten and Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joint-stock Company
A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the continued existence of the company. In modern-day corporate law, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with incorporation (possession of legal personality separate from shareholders) and limited liability (shareholders are liable for the company's debts only to the value of the money they have invested in the company). Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies. Some jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the United Kingdom and in other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as unlimited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incorporation (business)
Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation. The corporation may be a business, a nonprofit organization, sports club, or a local government of a new city or town. In the United States Specific incorporation requirements in the United States differ on a state by state basis. However, there are common pieces of information that states require to be included in the certificate of incorporation. *Business purpose *Corporation name *Registered agent *Inc. *Share par value *Number of authorized shares of stock *Directors *Preferred shares *Officers *Legal address A business purpose describes the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide. The purpose can be general, indicating that the budding company has been formed to carry out "all lawful business" in the region. Alternatively, the purpose can be specific, furnishing a more detailed explanation of the products and/or services to be offered by their company. The chosen name should be followed with a corporate iden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GmbH
(; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is an entity broadly equivalent to the private limited company (PLC) in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth countries, and the limited liability company (LLC) in the United States. The name of the GmbH form emphasizes that the owners (, also known as members) of the entity are not personally liable for the company's debts. GmbHs are considered legal persons under German, Swiss, and Austrian law. Other variations include mbH (used when the term is part of the company name itself), and gGmbH () for non-profit companies. The GmbH has become the most common corporation form in Germany because the AG (), the other major company form corresponding to a stock corporation, was much more complicated to form and operate un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabushiki Gaisha
A or ''kabushiki kaisha'', commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as "stock company", "joint-stock company" or "stock corporation". The term ''kabushiki gaisha'' in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan. Usage in language In Latin script, ''kabushiki kaisha'', with a , is often used, but the original Japanese pronunciation is ''kabushiki gaisha'', with a , owing to ''rendaku''. A ''kabushiki gaisha'' must include "" in its name (Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Companies Act). In a company name, "" can be used as a prefix (e.g. , ''Dentsu, kabushiki gaisha Dentsū'', a style called , ''mae-kabu'') or as a suffix (e.g. , ''Toyota, Toyota Jidōsha kabushiki gaisha'', a style called , ''ato-kabu''). Many Japanese companies translate the phrase "" in their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swiss Code Of Obligations
The Swiss Code of Obligations (SR/RS 22, ; ; ; ), the 5th part of the Swiss Civil Code, Swiss civil code, is a Federal act (Switzerland), federal law that regulates contract law and joint-stock company, joint-stock companies ( or S.A. (corporation), SA). It was first adopted in 1911 (effective since 1 January 1912). The code of obligations is a portion of the private law (Official Compilation of Federal Legislation, SR/RS 2) of the Swiss law, internal Swiss law. It is also known by its full name as Federal Act on the Amendment of the Swiss Civil Code (Part Five: The Code of Obligations). Swiss law is often used to regulate international contracts, as it is deemed neutral with respect to the parties. History In Switzerland, private law was originally left to the individual Swiss cantons, which enacted codifications such as the Zurich Law of Obligations of 1855. In 1864, the Bernese jurist Walther Munzinger was assigned a task to draft a unified code of obligations. This early ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aktieselskab
(; abbr.: A/S or a/s, ; ) is the Danish name for a stock-based corporation. An ''aktieselskab'' may be either publicly traded or private. Liability The shareholders of an ''aktieselskab'' are not liable for the debts of the company. If an A/S is owned by a holding company (typically another A/S or ApS), the profit from the production company can be transferred to the holding company and the two will be taxed as if they were one entity (''sambeskatning''; joint taxation). Both an ''aktieselskab'' (A/S) and an ''anpartselskab'' (ApS) are by definition, limited liability companies; the main difference being that only the A/S issues stock. In case of bankruptcy, creditors are not able to pursue claims towards investors who have not personally provided security. Professional credit lenders such as banks will consequently demand security for credit lend to the A/S or ApS since securitized debt are given legal preference compared to unsecured debts. In case of bankruptcy, if ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Società Per Azioni
(; abbr. S.p.A. or spa ) is a form of corporation in law of Italy, Italy, meaning 'company with shares' (although often translated as 'joint-stock company', which may or may not be a limited liability entity). It is more or less equivalent to S.A. (corporation), S.A. or public limited company, public limited company (PLC) in other countries. The other common form of corporation in Italy was (S.r.l.) ('limited liability company'). S.p.A. issued shares (), while in S.r.l. the unit was quote/stock of share capital. Moreover, the articles of association of S.r.l. allowed different allocation of Profit and loss sharing, profit and assets, which was more comparable to a limited partnership. Throughout Italy's history, the governance of S.p.A. has been remodeled several times. Originally the S.p.A. was governed by the Commercial Code of 1865, and subsequently by that of 1883, under the name "''società anonima''" ('anonymous company'). The regulations contained within the civil code ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
