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Adawiyya
Adawiyya (; ), also pejoratively known as Yazidiyya (; ), was a Sunni Sufi order founded by Adi ibn Musafir in Kurdistan. Adawiyya was a syncretic and heterodox sect, heavily influenced by Pre-Islamic religions. It later evolved into Yazidism. Origins The Adawiyya order was founded by Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir. Adi ibn Musafir was from the Umayyad dynasty, born around 1075 in a village known as Bait Far, near Baalbek in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. From his remote village, he travelled to Baghdad to study Sufism. Later, in the 11th century, he moved to Lalish, inhabited mainly by the Hakkari and Dasini tribes. The region was very dangerous and isolated at the time, as many Kurds had not converted to Islam and were hostile to outsiders. He was based in Lalish, where he founded the Adawiyya order. Abdulqadir Gilani had studied with Sheikh Adi in Baghdad, and helped Sheikh Adi settle in Kurdistan. Sheikh Adi was influenced by various Sufi sheikhs, including Abdulqadir Gilani, al-G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adi Ibn Musafir
Adi ibn Musafir (, ; born 1072–1078, died 1162) was a Sunni Muslim sheikh who founded the Adawiyya order. He is also considered a Yazidi saint. The Yazidis consider him as an avatar of Tawûsî Melek, which means "Peacock Angel". His tomb at Lalish, Iraq is a focal point of Yazidi pilgrimage. He was an Arab from the Umayyad dynasty. He had distant Kurdish heritage as a direct descendant of Marwan II, who was born to a Kurdish mother. Biography Sheikh Adi was born in the 1070s in the village of Bait Far, near Baalbek, in the Beqaa Valley of present-day Lebanon. He hailed from the Umayyad lineage and was a descent from Marwan II, who was born to a Kurdish mother. Sheikh Adi first received Islamic education in the nearby region, likely in Damascus. He then went to Baghdad, where he settled and continued his Islamic education with Sufi circles. He was Shafi'i. In Baghdad, Sheikh Adi was a disciple of Ahmad Ghazali, Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi, and Abdul Qadir Gilani, who all studied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sufism
Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from , ), and historically typically belonged to "orders" known as (pl. ) — congregations formed around a grand (saint) who would be the last in a Silsilah, chain of successive teachers linking back to Muhammad, with the goal of undergoing (self purification) and the hope of reaching the Maqam (Sufism), spiritual station of . The ultimate aim of Sufis is to seek the pleasure of God by endeavoring to return to their original state of purity and natural disposition, known as . Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the expansion of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan al-Basri. Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly obs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yazidism
Yazidism, also known as Sharfadin, is a Monotheism, monotheistic ethnic religion which has roots in Ancient Iranian religion, pre-Zoroastrian Iranian religion, directly derived from the Indo-Iranians, Indo-Iranian tradition. Its followers, called Yazidis, are a Kurdish language, Kurdish-speaking community. Yazidism includes elements of ancient Iranian religions, as well as elements of Judaism, Church of the East, and Islam."Yazīdī" ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (2025) [1998]. Yazidism is based on belief in one God who created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven Holy Beings, known as Angels. Preeminent among these Angels is Tawûsî Melek (, also spelled as ''Melek Taûs''), who is the leader ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Hallaj
Mansour al-Hallaj () or Mansour Hallaj () ( 26 March 922) (Islamic calendar, Hijri 309 AH) was a Persian people, Persian Hanbali school, HanbaliChristopher Melchert, "The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis," ''Arabica'', T. 48, Fasc. 3 (2001), p. 352 mystic, poet, and teacher of Sufism. He was best known for his saying, "I am the Truth" ("''Ana'l-Ḥaqq''"), which many saw as a claim to divinity, while others interpreted it as an instance of Fana (Sufism), annihilation of the ego, which allowed God to speak through him. Al-Hallaj gained a wide following as a preacher before he became implicated in power struggles of the Abbasid court and was executed after a long period of confinement on religious and political charges. Although most of his Sufi contemporaries disapproved of his actions, Hallaj later became a major figure in the Sufi tradition. Life Early years Al-Hallaj was born around 858 in Pars (Sasanian province), Pars Province of the Abbasid Empire to a carding, cott ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daseni
Dasini ( ; ) or Daseni, Tasini, Dasiki, is a Kurdish Yazidi tribe and ethnonym of Yazidis. The tribe resided near Mosul, Duhok, Sheikhan, Sinjar and all the way to the west bank of Greater Zab river.M. Th. Houtsma, 1993E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 Volume 8 - Page 1164, BrillAli, Majid Hassan (1 November 2019)"Genocidal Campaigns during the Ottoman Era: The Firmān of Mīr-i-Kura against the Yazidi Religious Minority in 1832–1834" Genocide Studies International. 13 (1): 77–91. doi:10.3138/gsi.13.1.05. ISSN 2291-1847. S2CID 208688229.Ghalib, Sabah Abdullah (13 October 2011)The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire1800-1850 (PhD thesis). pp. 52–53. Archived frothe originalon 28 July 2021. There was also present of Daseni tribe in Homs Governorate, Syria. They were called Akrād Al-Daseniya "Daseni Kurds", who still spoke Kurdish for generations. Name The Yazidis call themselves Dāsin, Dasn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syncretism
Syncretism () is the practice of combining different beliefs and various school of thought, schools of thought. Syncretism involves the merging or religious assimilation, assimilation of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thus asserting an underlying unity and allowing for an Inclusivism, inclusive approach to other faiths. While syncretism in art and culture is sometimes likened to eclecticism, in the realm of religion, it specifically denotes a more integrated merging of beliefs into a unified system, distinct from eclecticism, which implies a selective adoption of elements from different traditions without necessarily blending them into a new, cohesive belief system. Etymology The English word is first attested in the early 17th century. It is from Neo-Latin, Modern Latin , drawing on the (), supposedly meaning "Cretan federation". However, this is a spurious etymology derived from the naive idea in Plutarch's 1st- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hasan Al-Basri
Abi Sa'id al-Hasan ibn Yasar al-Basri, often referred to as al-Hasan al-Basri, was an ancient Muslim preacher, ascetic, theologian, exegete, scholar, and judge. Born in Medina in 642,Mourad, Suleiman A., “al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī”, in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE'', Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Hasan belonged to the second generation of Muslims, all of whom would subsequently be referred to as the '' tābiʿūn'' in Sunni Islamic piety. He became one of "the most celebrated" of the ''tābiʿūn'', enjoying an "acclaimed scholarly career and an even more remarkable posthumous legacy in Islamic scholarship." Hasan, revered for his austerity and support for "renunciation" (''zuhd''), preached against worldliness and materialism during the early days of the Umayyad Caliphate, with his passionate sermons casting a "deep impression on his contemporaries."Ritter, H., “Ḥasan al-Baṣrī”, in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Seco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sheikh Qadib Al-Ban
Qadib al-Ban (Arabic: قضيب البان) full name Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn Isa ibn Yahya ibn Ali al-Hasani (died 1174), was a Muslim scholar and Sufi mystic who lived in Mosul, Iraq. He belonged to the Hanbali school of Islamic thought and was a disciple of Abdul Qadir al-Jilani. Biography Qadib al-Ban al-Mawsili was a well-known Muslim scholar of the Hanbali school of thought, who was mentored by Abdul Qadir al-Jilani. He also married one of Abdul Qadir al-Jilani's daughters. The renowned spiritual philosopher Ibn Arabi, in his work Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya, said that in his travel to Mosul, he was able to meet with Qadib al-Ban who demonstrated to the awed philosopher some of his mystical talents and capabilities. Tomb Qadib al-Ban died in 1174 and was buried in his house. His house was reconstructed in the Seljuk period as a mosque and mausoleum by the governor of Mosul, Ahmad ibn Salih, in 1123, only to be renovated years later during the Ottoman period. The si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī () or Fakhruddin Razi () (1149 or 1150 – 1209), often known by the sobriquet Sultan of the Theologians, was an influential Iranian and Muslim polymath, scientist and one of the pioneers of inductive logic. He wrote various works in the fields of medicine, chemistry, physics, astronomy, cosmology, literature, theology, ontology, philosophy, history and jurisprudence. He was one of the earliest proponents and skeptics that came up with the concept of multiverse, and compared it with the astronomical teachings of Quran. A rejector of the geocentric model and the Aristotelian notions of a single universe revolving around a single world, al-Razi argued about the existence of the outer space beyond the known world. Al-Razi was born in Ray, Iran, and died in Herat, Afghanistan.. He left a very rich corpus of philosophical and theological works that reveals influence from the works of Avicenna, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī and al-Ghazali. Two of his works t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pejorative
A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a term is regarded as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others or may be originally pejorative but later adopt a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa) in some or all contexts. Etymology The word ''pejorative'' is derived from a Late Latin past participle stem of ', meaning "to make worse", from ' "worse". Pejoration and melioration In historical linguistics, the process of an inoffensive word becoming pejorative is a form of semantic drift known as pejoration. An example of pejoration is the shift in meaning of the word '' silly'' from meaning that a person was happy and fortunate to meaning that they are foolish and unsophisticated. The process of pejoration can repeat itself around ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Iranian Religion
Ancient Iranian religion or Iranian paganism was a set of ancient beliefs and practices of the Iranian peoples before the rise of Zoroastrianism. The religion closest to it was the historical Vedic religion that was practiced during the Outline_of_South_Asian_history#Iron_Age_and_Vedic_period, Vedic period. The major deities worshipped were Ahura Mazda and Mithra from Iran to Rome, but Atar was also worshipped, as names of kings and common public showing devotion to these three exist in most cases. But some sects, the precursors of the Magi, also worshipped Ahura Mazda, the chief of the Ahuras. With the rise of Zoroaster and his new, reformatory religion, Ahura Mazda became the principal deity, while the Daevas were relegated to the background. Many of the attributes and commandments of Varuna, called Fahrana in Media (region), Median times, were later attributed to Ahura Mazda by Zoroaster. The Iranian peoples emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in the 2nd millenni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Mesopotamian Religion
Ancient Mesopotamian religion encompasses the religious beliefs (concerning the gods, creation and the cosmos, the origin of man, and so forth) and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 6000 BC and 500 AD. The religious development of Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian culture in general, especially in the south, were not particularly influenced by the movements of the various peoples into and throughout the general area of West Asia. Rather, Mesopotamian religion was a consistent and coherent tradition, which adapted to the internal needs of its adherents over millennia of development. The earliest undercurrents of Mesopotamian religious thought are believed to have developed in Mesopotamia in the 6th millennium BC, coinciding with when the region began to be permanently settled with urban centres. The earliest evidence of Mesopotamian religion dates to the mid-4th millennium BC, coincides with the inve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
