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Adaptogen
Adaptogens, or adaptogenic substances, are used in herbal medicine for the purported stabilization of physiological processes and promotion of homeostasis. The concept of adaptogens is not accepted in mainstream science and is not approved as a marketing term in the European Union or United States. Concept and non-acceptance The term "adaptogen" refers to non-toxic plants or their extracts purported to diminish stress and support overall wellbeing when consumed. However, the definition of an adaptogen is vague and without adequate scientific evidence, making it impossible to determine what exactly makes a substance an adaptogen. The concept of an adaptogenic effect is not accepted in pharmacology, pharmacological or clinical settings, and is not approved for marketing in the European Union or United States. From 2020 to 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued numerous FDA warning letter, warning letters to manufacturers of dietary supplements making illegal, una ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbal Medicine
Herbal medicine (also called herbalism, phytomedicine or phytotherapy) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of many herbal treatments remains limited, prompting ongoing regulatory evaluation and research into their safety and efficacy. Standards for purity or dosage are generally not provided. The scope of herbal medicine sometimes includes fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. Paraherbalism is the pseudoscientific use of plant or animal extracts as medicine, relying on unproven beliefs about the safety and effectiveness of minimally processed natural substances. Herbal medicine has been used since at least the Paleolithic era, with written records from ancient Sumer, Egypt, Greece, China, and India documenting its development and application over millennia. Modern herbal medicine is widely used globally—especially in Asia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and Borders of China, borders fourteen countries by land across an area of nearly , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by land area. The country is divided into 33 Province-level divisions of China, province-level divisions: 22 provinces of China, provinces, 5 autonomous regions of China, autonomous regions, 4 direct-administered municipalities of China, municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is List of cities in China by population, its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center. Considered one of six ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Russian Drugs
This page is a list of Russian drugs, or drugs that were developed in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and/or post-Soviet countries. Many Russian drugs are indicated for enhancing physical, mental, and/or cognitive performance, including drugs described as nootropics or cognitive enhancers, drugs combatting fatigue, so-called adaptogens or actoprotectors, and others. There have been concerns about Russian drugs in the Western world owing to allegedly lower standards of medical evidence in Russia compared to the West, for instance in the case of the Russian COVID vaccine Sputnik V. Some Russian drugs have been attempted to be repurposed and developed by pharmaceutical companies for use in the West, such as phenylpiracetam (fonturacetam), (''R'')-phenylpiracetam (MRZ-9547), Noopept (omberacetam), and armesocarb (the active enantiomer of mesocarb). List of Russian drugs * Aceclidine (Glaucostat, Glaunorm, Glaudin) – parasympathomimetic miotic * Acetomepregenol ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Withania Somnifera
''Withania somnifera'', known commonly as ashwagandha, is an evergreen shrub in the Solanaceae family that is native to the Middle East and North Africa, other African regions, southern Europe, and Indian subcontinent. Several other species in the genus '' Withania'' are morphologically similar. Common names include Indian ginseng and winter cherry. ''W. somnifera'' is a short shrub 35–75 cm tall with tomentose branches, dull green elliptic leaves up to 10–12 cm long, small green bell-shaped flowers, and orange-red ripe fruit. The Latin species name ''somnifera'' means “ sleep-inducing,” while the name ashwagandha combines the Sanskrit words for “horse” and “smell,” referring to the root’s strong horse-like odor. It is cultivated mainly in dry regions of India and nearby countries like Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, and Yemen, preferring dry, stony soil with sun to partial shade, and is propagated from seeds in early spring or greenwood cuttings later. It is aff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schisandra Chinensis
''Schisandra chinensis'', whose fruit is called magnolia berry or five-flavor fruit (, in , ), is a vine plant native to forests of Northern China, the Russian Far East and Korea. Wild varieties are also found in Japan. It is hardy in USDA Zone 4. The fruits are red berries in dense clusters around long. Names Common names for ''S. chinensis'' are magnolia-vine, Chinese magnolia-vine, and just schisandra. The 'five flavour' name comes from the fact that its berries possess five basic flavors: salty, sweet, sour, pungent (spicy), and bitter.See: * * Sometimes, it is more specifically called ''běi wǔwèizi'' () to distinguish it from another schisandraceous plant, '' Kadsura japonica'', that grows only in subtropical areas. Another species of schisandra berry, '' Schisandra sphenanthera'', has a similar but different biochemical profile. The Chinese Pharmacopeia distinguishes between ''S. chinensis'' and ''S. sphenanthera'' (). Taxonomy The genus ''Schisandra'' was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodiola Rosea
''Rhodiola rosea'' (commonly golden root, rose root, roseroot, Aaron's rod, Arctic root, king's crown, ''lignum rhodium'', orpin rose) is a perennial plant, perennial flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae. It grows naturally in wild Arctic regions of Europe (including Britain), Asia, and North America ( N.B., Nfld. and Labrador, N.S., QC.; Alaska, Maine, N.Y., N.C., Pa., Vt), and can be propagated as a groundcover. Although ''Rhodiola rosea'' has been used in traditional medicine, there is no high-quality evidence-based medicine, clinical evidence of its effectiveness to treat any disease. The United States Food and Drug Administration has FDA warning letter, issued several warnings to manufacturers of ''R. rosea'' dietary supplements for making false health claims about its safety and efficacy. The plant is threatened in many countries due to rapidly growing demand. Supply comes mostly from wild harvesting on an industrial scale, and a combination of growing scarcity and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhaponticum Cartamoides
''Rhaponticum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. , it is accepted by Plants of the World Online, but rejected by the Global Compositae Database in favour of '' Leuzea''. Taxonomy The taxonomic history of the genus name ''Rhaponticum'' is complicated. It has been published at least four times according to the International Plant Names Index. The earliest was by Albrecht von Haller in 1742, which is regarded as an invalid name (''nom. inval.''). The next publication was by Sébastien Vaillant in 1754, also an invalid name. The next was by Christian Gottlieb Ludwig in 1757. This has become a conserved name (nom. cons.), with the conserved type species ''Centaurea rhapontica'' (syn. '' Leuzea rhapontica'' subsp. ''rhapontica''). A subsequent publication by Michel Adanson in 1763 is illegitimate. Combining the genera ''Rhaponticum'' and ''Leuzea'' under the latter name was first suggested by Josef Holub in 1973. A 2006 phylogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panax Ginseng
''Panax ginseng'', ginseng, also known as Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng or Korean ginseng, is a species of plant whose root is the original source of ginseng. It is a perennial plant that grows in the mountains of East Asia. It is mainly cultivated in China, Korea, Russia, and Japan. ''P. ginseng'' is an herbaceous perennial plant, 30–60 cm tall, with palmately compound leaves, serrated leaflets, a terminal umbel of 30–50 flowers, red round fruits, and kidney-shaped seeds. ''P. ginseng'' is primarily cultivated in Korea. While all Korea, South Korean ginseng is ''P. ginseng'', ginseng production in China encompasses both ''P. ginseng'' and South China ginseng (''Panax notoginseng''). It may cause side effects or interact with various medications and conditions. Names ''Panax ginseng'' is called ''Rénshēn'' ( or or ; ) in Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin (Chinese), ''Insam'' () in Korean language, Korean, ''Nhân Sâm'' in Vietnamese Language, Vietnamese and ''Ninjin'' () i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oplopanax Elatus
''Oplopanax'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae, consisting of three species of deciduous shrubs, native to western North America and northeastern Asia. ''Oplopanax'' is closely related to the Asian genus '' Fatsia''. There are three recognized species of ''Oplopanax'' in the world: ''Oplopanax elatus'', ''Oplopanax horridus'', '' Oplopanax japonicus''. The species have spiny stems, large palmately lobed leaves, and whitish or greenish flowers occurring in terminal panicles. The fruit is a small spherical red drupe, popular with birds. ''Oplopanax'' species are closely related to American ginseng American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') is a species of flowering plant in the ivy family (biology), family Araliaceae. It is native to eastern North America and has been introduced into China. The specific epithet ''quinquefolius'' means "fiv .... The plant was used in traditional Native American medicine.Gregory L. Tilford. ''Edible and Medicinal Plan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eleutherococcus Senticosus
''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' is a species of small, woody shrub in the family Araliaceae native to Northeastern Asia. It may be colloquially called devil's bush, Siberian ginseng, taiga root, eleuthero, ''ciwujia'', ''Devil's shrub'', ''shigoka'', ''touch-me-not'', ''wild pepper'', or ''kan jang''. ''E. senticosus'' has a history of use in folklore and traditional Chinese medicine. Root extracts of ''E. senticosus'' are sold as a dietary supplement or cosmetics, cosmetic, usually under the name ''Siberian ginseng''. Etymology The scientific name (genus), ''Eleutherococcus'' (from Greek) means "free-berried," and ''senticosus'', (from Latin) means ''sentis'' (thorn-bush, briar), an adjective meaning "thorny" or "full of briers or thorns." It is not the same plant as American ginseng (''Panax quinquefolius'') or Asian ginseng (''Panax ginseng''). It has a diversity of common names across its range of distribution. Distribution and habitat The herb grows in mixed and conife ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated population of over 449million as of 2024. The EU is often described as a ''sui generis'' political entity combining characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.5% of the world population in 2023, EU member states generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around €17.935 trillion in 2024, accounting for approximately one sixth of global economic output. Its cornerstone, the European Union Customs Union, Customs Union, paved the way to establishing European Single Market, an internal single market based on standardised European Union law, legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physiology
Physiology (; ) is the science, scientific study of function (biology), functions and mechanism (biology), mechanisms in a life, living system. As a branches of science, subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organ (biology), organs, cell (biology), cells, and biomolecules carry out chemistry, chemical and physics, physical functions in a living system. According to the classes of organisms, the field can be divided into clinical physiology, medical physiology, Zoology#Physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, cell physiology, and comparative physiology. Central to physiological functioning are biophysics, biophysical and biochemical processes, homeostasis, homeostatic control mechanisms, and cell signaling, communication between cells. ''Physiological state'' is the condition of normal function. In contrast, ''pathology, pathological state'' refers to abnormality (behavior), abnormal conditions, including human diseases. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
