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Adam Poniński (1732–1798)
Adam Poniński (1732 or 1733 – 23 July 1798 was a Polish nobleman, Prince, one of the leaders of the Radom Confederation of 1767, Grand Treasurer of the Crown (from 1775), member of the Permanent Council, he is remembered as the infamous Marshal of the Sejm (together with Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł) of the Partition Sejm (1773–1775). Considered by many contemporaries and historians a traitor, serving Russian ambassadors, he was stripped of all titles and exiled by the decree of the Great Sejm in 1790 but restored soon afterwards by the Confederation of Targowica. His son, Adam Poniński (1758–1816), Adam Poniński, born in 1758, became a military general. References *Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, Google Print, p.466 1730s births 1798 deaths Radom confederates {{Poland-noble-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prince
A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The female equivalent is a princess. The English word derives, via the French word ''prince'', from the Latin noun , from (first) and (head), meaning "the first, foremost, the chief, most distinguished, noble ruler, prince". In a related sense, now not commonly used, all more or less sovereign rulers over a state, including kings, were "princes" in the language of international politics. They normally had another title, for example king or duke. Many of these were Princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Historical background The Latin word (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, ), became the usual title of the informal leader of the Roman senate some centuries before the transition to empire, the '' princeps senatus''. Emperor Augustus establishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radom Confederation
Radom Confederation (, ) was a konfederacja of nobility (''szlachta'') in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in Radom on 23 June 1767 to prevent reforms and defend the '' Golden Liberties''. It was formed by Russian envoy to Poland Nicholas Repnin and backed by the Russian Imperial Army Aleksander Kraushar, Książę Repnin i Polska, Warsaw 1900 t. I , p. 288-317. as a response of Catholic nobility to the earlier Protestant confederations of Slutzk and Toruń, approximately 74,000 nobles declared their support for Radom Confederation. The marshal of the confederation was Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł, another leader was the primate of Poland, Gabriel Podoski, but in fact the real leader was Russian ambassador Nicholas Repnin, who was also responsible for forming the Protestant and Orthodox confederations. On his insistence the Confederates had to make peace with Polish king, pro-Russian Stanisław August Poniatowski, and send an envoy to the Russian tsarina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Treasurer Of The Crown
Podskarbi in the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was minister responsible for the treasury. Since 1569 also a senatorial office. The title although meaning treasurer can be deconstructed as "''underingtreasury''" – treasury as an old-fashioned adjective. One other title was formed in the same way: "podkomorzy" – not meaning vice. Following treasury offices where among 14 most important national ministers: * Podskarbi wielki koronny – Grand Treasurer of the Crown (till 15th century called Podskarbi koronny – Treasurer of the Crown) was the highest ranking treasurer. * Podskarbi wielki litewski – Grand Treasurer of Lithuania * Podskarbi nadworny koronny – Court Treasurer of the Crown * Podskarbi nadworny litewski – Court Treasurer of Lithuania Lesser treasurers: * Podskarbi nadworny – Court Treasurer * Podskarbi Prus – Treasurer of Prussia * Podskarbi ziemski – District Treasurer During the rule of King Casimir II ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permanent Council
The Permanent Council (; ) was the highest administrative authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1775 and 1789 and the first modern executive government in Europe. As is still typically the case in contemporary parliamentary politics, the members of the Council were selected from the parliament or ''Sejm'' of the Commonwealth. Although it exerted some constructive influence in Polish-Lithuanian politics and government, within the uniquely liberal framework that permitted free speech, because of its unpopularity during the Partitions period, in some Polish texts it was dubbed as ''Zdrada Nieustająca'' - Permanent ''T''reason. History The establishment of an institution of the permanent council, an early form of executive government in the late years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was originally recommended by the political reformer Stanisław Konarski.Józef Andrzej Gierowski – ''Historia Polski 1764-1864'' (History of Poland 1764-1864), Państwo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marshal Of The Sejm
The Marshal of the Sejm (, ) is the speaker (chair) of the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish Parliament. The office traces its origins to the 15th century. In modern Poland, the full title is Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (). ''Marszałek'', in this case, is Polish native name for parliamentary Speaker Related historical offices The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also had an office of Sejmik Marshal. In the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, from 1861, the chairman of the Provincial Sejm of Galicia with its seat at Lwów bore the title Marszałek krajowy (Province Marshal). The Kingdom of Poland, from 1916 to 1918, used the title Marszałek Rady Stanu (Marshal of the State Council). In the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), the deputies elected one of their number as Marshal of the Sejm for the duration of the Sejm's term. Until 1935 (when superseded by the Senate Marshal), the Marshal or Chairman of the Sejm substituted for the President of Poland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł
Prince Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł (; 1744–1831) was a Polish nobleman, politician, diplomat and member of the Polish–Lithuanian Radziwiłł family. He was an '' ordynat'' of Kleck, Olyka and Niasvizh, Great Sword-bearer of Lithuania from 1771, castellan of Vilnius from 1775, voivode of Vilnius from 1790, '' starost'' grabowski, komorowski, kraszewicki, and miksztadzki. He also held a position of Marshal during the Partition Sejm, together with Adam Poniński. He was a Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (awarded on 7 September 1773) and a holder of the Order of the Black Eagle. His paternal great-grandfather was Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł. He was married to Helena Przeździecka from 26 April 1771, their son was Antoni Radziwiłł. Biography Born into the House of Radziwiłł, the second son of Prince Marcin Mikołaj Radziwiłł (1705-1782) and his second wife, Marta Trembicka (d. 1812), he was neglected until his father was incapacitated (which took place in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partition Sejm
The Partition Sejm () was a Sejm lasting from 1773 to 1775 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, convened by its three neighbours (the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland. During its first days in session, that Sejm was the site of Tadeusz Rejtan's famous gesture of protest against Partition. The Sejm also passed other legislation, notably establishing the Permanent Council and the Commission of National Education. Cardinal Laws were confirmed. The new legislation was guaranteed by the Russian Empire, giving it another excuse to interfere in the Commonwealth politics if the legislation it favored was changed. Russia was the party most determined to form the Permanent Council, which it saw as further means to control the Commonwealth. The creation of the Commission of National Education, the Commonwealth's and Europe's first ministry of education, is seen as the proudest and most constructive achievement of the otherwise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traitor
Treason is the crime of attacking a state (polity), state authority to which one owes allegiance. This typically includes acts such as participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to Coup d'état, overthrow its government, spying on its military, its diplomats, its officials, or its secret services for a hostile foreign power, or Regicide, attempting to kill its head of state. A person who commits treason is known in law as a traitor. Historically, in common law countries, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife or that of a master by his servant. Treason (i.e., disloyalty) against one's monarch was known as ''high treason'' and treason against a lesser superior was ''petty treason''. As jurisdictions around the world abolished petty treason, "treason" came to refer to what was historically known as high treason. At times, the term ''traitor'' has been used as a political epithet, regardless of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Sejm
The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm (Polish language, Polish: ''Sejm Wielki'' or ''Sejm Czteroletni''; Lithuanian language, Lithuanian: ''Didysis seimas'' or ''Ketverių metų seimas'') was a Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the Commonwealth politically and economically. The Sejm's great achievement was the adoption of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, often described as Europe's first modern written national constitution, and the world's second, after the United States Constitution. The Polish Constitution was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federation, federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its system of Golden Liberty, Golden Liberties. The Constitution introduced political equality between townspeople and szlachta, nobility and placed the peasants under ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confederation Of Targowica
The Targowica Confederation (, , ) was a confederation established by Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792, in Saint Petersburg, with the backing of the Russian Empress Catherine II. The confederation opposed the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and fought in the Polish–Russian War of 1792, which led to the Second and Third Partitions of Poland. History The Targowica confederation opposed the Constitution of 3 May 1791, which had been adopted by the Great Sejm, especially the provisions limiting the privileges of the nobility. The text of the founding act of the confederation was drafted by the Russian general Vasili Stepanovich Popov, Chief of Staff of Prince Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin. Its purpose was proclaimed in the small town of Targowica and the Potocki's estate (now in Holovanivsk Raion in Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine) on May 14, 1792. Four days later two Russian armies invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth without a formal declaration of war. The forces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Poniński (1758–1816)
Adam Poniński (1758–1816) was a Polish nobleman. Prince, politician (deputy to Grodno Sejm), soldier and officer. He fought in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and Kościuszko Uprising. Recipient of Virtuti Militari (in 1792). He reached the rank of a major. In the Uprising he participated in the battle of Racławice; later his regiment failed to arrive at the battle of Maciejowice. This was caused by delayed orders, yet due to his infamous father, also Adam Ponińśki, opponent of the Uprising Rebellion is an uprising that resists and is organized against one's government. A rebel is a person who engages in a rebellion. A rebel group is a consciously coordinated group that seeks to gain political control over an entire state or a ..., Adam was suspected of treason. While his reputation was cleared later by historians, till the end of his life Adam's reputation was seen with suspicion by his contemporaries. References 1758 births 1816 deaths Polish Army office ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
