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Abū Ghālib Tammām Ibn ʿAlḳama
Abū Ghālib Tammām ibn ʿAlqama al-Thaqafī (), also transliterated Ibn ʿAlḳama al-Thaḳafī (720×728 – 811), was an Arab military leader in al-Andalus during the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty, ʿUmayyad Emirate of Córdoba. Ibn ʿAlqama was descended from a ''mawlā'' (freedman) of Abd al-Rahman ibn Umm al-Hakam al-Thaqafi, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Umm al-Ḥakam, the governor of Kūfa in Iraq in 678 under the first Umayyad Caliphate, ʿUmayyad caliph, Muʿāwiya I. He thus belonged to the tribe of Thaqīf and the faction of Ḳays. He was born between 720 and 728. He arrived in al-Andalus in 741 in the ''ṭalīʿa'' (vanguard) of the Jund Qinnasrin, Syrian army of Balj ibn Bishr. When the ʿUmayyad prince ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I made his play to restore ʿUmayyad rule in al-Andalus in 755, Ibn ʿAlqama was one of the first to rally to his banner after the ʿUmayyad's agents met with in Zaragoza. With the ''mawlā'' Badr, he rescued ʿAbd al-Raḥmān f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab
Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years. In the 9th century BCE, the Assyrians made written references to Arabs as inhabitants of the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. Throughout the Ancient Near East, Arabs established influential civilizations starting from 3000 BCE onwards, such as Dilmun, Gerrha, and Magan (civilization), Magan, playing a vital role in trade between Mesopotamia, and the History of the Mediterranean region, Mediterranean. Other prominent tribes include Midian, ʿĀd, and Thamud mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, Bible and Quran. Later, in 900 BCE, the Qedarites enjoyed close relations with the nearby Canaan#Canaanites, Canaanite and Aramaeans, Aramaean states, and their territory extended from Lower Egypt to the Southern Levant. From 1200 BCE to 110 BCE, powerful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ḳāʾid
Qaid ( ', "commander"; pl. ', or '), also spelled kaid or caïd, is a word meaning "commander" or "leader." It was a title in the Norman kingdom of Sicily, applied to palatine officials and members of the ''curia'', usually to those who were Muslims or converts to Islam. The word entered the Latin language as ''gaitus'' or ''gaytus''. Later the word was used in North Africa for the governor of a fortress or the warden of a prison, also in Spain and Portugal in the form with the definite article "alcayde" or "alcaide". It is also used as a male Arabic given name. Notable qaids * Al-Qaid Jawhar (active 950–992), A Slavic general who conquered the Maghreb and Egypt for the Fatimid Caliphate. *Al-Qa'id al-Bata'ihi, chief of staff and successor of al-Afdal Shahanshah as vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate. *Thomas Brun (active 1137–1154), Englishman who served Roger II of Sicily. * Ahmed es-Sikeli, known as Caid Peter (active 1160s), eunuch in the court of Sicily, confidant of Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
720s Births
7 (seven) is the natural number following 6 and preceding 8. It is the only prime number preceding a cube. As an early prime number in the series of positive integers, the number seven has symbolic associations in religion, mythology, superstition and philosophy. The seven classical planets resulted in seven being the number of days in a week. 7 is often considered lucky in Western culture and is often seen as highly symbolic. Evolution of the Arabic digit For early Brahmi numerals, 7 was written more or less in one stroke as a curve that looks like an uppercase vertically inverted (ᒉ). The western Arab peoples' main contribution was to make the longer line diagonal rather than straight, though they showed some tendencies to making the digit more rectilinear. The eastern Arab peoples developed the digit from a form that looked something like 6 to one that looked like an uppercase V. Both modern Arab forms influenced the European form, a two-stroke form consisting of a ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Mūsa Al-Rāzī
Aḥmad al-Rāzī (April 888 – 1 November 955), full name Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Rāzī al-Kinānī, was a Muslim historian of Persians, Persian origin who wrote the first narrative history of al-Andalus, Islamic rule in Spain. Later Muslim historians considered him the father of Islamic historiography in Spain and the first to provide a narrative framework rather than bare facts. A native of Córdoba, Spain, Córdoba, he came from a Persian merchant family. He worked for the Caliphate of Córdoba, Umayyad court, which gave him unparalleled access to official documents and archives. Besides history, he wrote genealogies. Life Aḥmad al-Rāzī was born in April 888 in Córdoba, then the capital of the Emirate of Córdoba, al-Andalus. His father was a merchant from Rayy, which is the origin of the name al-Rāzī. His work brought him to al-Andalus. He worked for the Umayyad dynasty, Umayyad ruler of al-Andalus as a spy in Ifriqiya, North Africa and died in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Bayān Al-mughrib
''Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib'' (''Book of the Amazing Story of the History of the Kings of al-Andalus and Maghreb'') by Ibn Idhāri (var. Ibn Athari) of Marrakech in the Maghreb (now Morocco); an important medieval Arabic history of the Maghreb and Iberia, written at Marrakech ca. 1312 / 712 AH . Generally known by its shorter title ''al-Bayān al-Mughrib'' (''The Amazing Story''; ), or even just as ''the Bayān'', it is valued by modern researchers as a unique source of information, and for its preservation of excerpts from lost works. Ibn Idhāri divides the work into three parts: *History of the Maghreb from the coming of Islam to the twelfth century *History of Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia) over the same period *History of the Almoravids and Almohads The Arabic text of the first two parts was first published in a Latin edition by Reinhart Dozy (1848-52); a second corrected edition of these two parts was published in 1948 by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn ʿIdhārī
Abū al-ʽAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʽIḏārī al-Marrākushī () was a Maghrebi historian of the late-13th/early-14th century, and author of the famous '' Al-Bayan al-Mughrib'', an important medieval history of the Maghreb (Morocco, North Africa) and Al-Andalus (now the Iberian Peninsula) written in 1312. Ibn Idhāri was born and lived in Marrakech (present-day Morocco), and was a ''qāʾid'' ('commander') of Fez. Little is known of his life. His only surviving work, ''Al-Bayan al-Mughrib'', is a history of North Africa from the conquest of Miṣr in 640/1 AD to the Almohad conquests in 1205/6 AD. Its value to modern scholarship lies in its extracts from older works, now lost, and in its material not found elsewhere, including reports of the first Viking raids on Al-Andalus in the ninth century. He mentions another biographic work on the caliphs A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhbār Majmūʿa
The ''Akhbār majmūʿa fī fatḥ al-Andalus'' ("Collection of Anecdotes on the Conquest of al-Andalus") is an anonymous history of al-Andalus compiled in the second decade of the 11th century and only preserved in a single manuscript, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Parts of it date to the 8th and 9th centuries, and it is the earliest Arabic history of al-Andalus, covering the period from the Arab conquest (711) until the reign of the Caliph Abd ar-Rahman III (929–61).Emilio González-Ferrín"Al-Andalus: The First Enlightenment" ''Critical Muslim'', 6 (2013), p. 5. The ''Akhbār majmūʿa'' is sometimes called the "Anonymous of Paris", after the home of its manuscript, or the "Anonymous of Córdoba", after its presumed place of origin.Norman Roth, "The Jews and the Muslim Conquest of Spain", ''Jewish Social Studies'', 38, 2 (1976), pp. 145–58. The ''Akhbār majmūʿa'' records how, during the Abbasid Revolution, an army of ten thousand under a certain Balj marc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tammam Ibn Alkama Al-Wazir
Tammām ibn ʿĀmir ibn Aḥmad ibn Ghālib ibn Tammām ibn ʿAlqama al-Thaqafī al-Wazīr (803/810–896) was an Arab high official and poet in the Emirate of Córdoba. He made an important historiographical contribution to the literature of al-Andalus. Ibn ʿAlqama was a descendant of Abū Ghālib Tammām ibn ʿAlqama of the Banū Thaqīf. He is sometimes confused with his ancestor. There are conflicting records of his birth year. He was said to be 96 lunar years old when he died in AD 896 (Anno Hegirae, AH 283), which would place his birth in 803 (AH 187). Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, citing Ibn al-Abbār, however, places his birth in 809 or 810 (AH 194). Ibn ʿAlqama held the office of vizier (''wazīr'') under the emirs Muhammad I of Córdoba, Muḥammad I (852–886), Al-Mundhir of Córdoba, al-Mundhir (886–888) and Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, ʿAbd Allāh (888–912). He was dismissed from the post by ʿAbd Allāh. Although he was famous as an Arabic poet, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Ḥakam I
Abu al-As al-Hakam ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Rahman () was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba from 796 until 822 in Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia). Biography Al-Hakam was the second son of his father, his older brother having died at an early age. When he came to power, he was challenged by his uncles Sulayman and Abdallah, sons of his grandfather Abd ar-Rahman I. Abdallah took his two sons Ubayd Allah and Abd al-Malik to the court of Charlemagne in Aix-la-Chapelle to negotiate for aid. In the meantime Sulayman attacked Cordoba, but was defeated and driven back to Mérida where he was captured and executed. Abdallah was pardoned, but was forced to stay in Valencia. Al-Hakam spent much of his reign suppressing rebellions in Toledo, Saragossa and Mérida. The uprisings twice reached Cordoba. An attempt was made to dethrone Al-Hakam and replace him with his cousin, Mohammed ibn al-Kasim, but the plot was discovered. On 16 November 806, 72 nobles and their attendants (accounts talk of 5,000) were ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hisham I Of Córdoba
Hisham I Al-Reda ibn Abd ar-Rahman () was the second Emir of Cordoba, ruling from 788 to 796 in al-Andalus. Hisham was born April 26, 757 in Cordoba. He was the first son of Abd al-Rahman I ( r. 756-788) and his wife, Halul, and the younger half brother of Suleiman. Domestic rebellions At the beginning of his reign, in 788, he faced rebellions from his brothers, Suleiman and 'Abd Allah. Expedition to Septimania Faced with Carolingian penetration south across the western and eastern Pyrenees, in 793 he called a ''jihad'' against the Christian Franks, sent over troops to Girona and Narbonne, but those strongholds stood firm. The Umayyad general Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mughith was more fortunate on his approach to Carcassonne, where he defeated Louis the Pious' Carolingian mentor William of Orange. However, surprisingly, the expedition did not advance deeper into Carolingian territory, but resulted in hefty loot and numerous slaves, which in turn provided the fun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarazona
Tarazona is a town and municipality in the Tarazona y el Moncayo comarca, province of Zaragoza (province), Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain. It is the capital of the Tarazona y el Moncayo Aragonese comarca. It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarazona. Located on the river Queiles, a tributary of the Ebro, Tarazona was an important regional centre of ancient Rome, known as Turiaso, located around from Bilbilis. The city later came under the rule of the Visigoths, who called it Tirasona. Tarazona has an area of 244.01 square kilometers and a population of 10,756 and is located 480 meters above sea level. History During the Roman Empire, Roman era, Tarazona was a prosperous city whose inhabitants were full Roman citizens; it was known as ''Turiaso''. The city declined after the fall of the Roman Empire, and later became a Muslim town in the 8th century. It was Reconquista, conquered in 1119 by Alfonso I of Aragon and became the seat of the diocese of Tarazona. Con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
