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Abe Lazarus
Abraham Lazarus (1911–1967) was a leading British Communist activist, charity worker, and anti-fascist, most famous for leading numerous high profile factory strikes in London and Oxford, and for organising communists and Jews to resist the British Union of Fascists. He was also the leader of a protest movement to topple Oxford's Cutteslowe Wall which segregated poor working class communities from wealthier ones. While living in Oxford he led tenant strikes in Cowley, and raised money for refugee children from the Spanish Civil War. Lazarus contracted rheumatic fever during his childhood and this affected his education, because of his condition he was taught at home by his mother. His health recovered in 1928 so he got a job working as a professional driver and a mechanic, later on in 1930 he joined the Hammersmith branch of the Communist Party of Great Britain The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was the largest communist organisation in Britain and was founde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Census In The United Kingdom
Coincident full censuses have taken place in the different jurisdictions of the United Kingdom every ten years since 1801, with the exceptions of 1941 (during the Second World War), Ireland in 1921/Northern Ireland in 1931, and Scotland in 2021. In addition to providing detailed information about national demographics, the results of the census play an important part in the calculation of resource allocation to regional and local service providers by the UK government. 2021 United Kingdom census, The most recent UK census took place in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 21 March 2021. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, COVID-19 pandemic, the census in Scotland was delayed to 20 March 2022. History Tax assessments (known in the later Empire as the indiction) were made in Britain in Roman Britain, Roman times, but detailed records have not survived. In the 7th century AD, Dál Riata (parts of what is now Scotland and Northern Ireland) conducted a census, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tom Smith (UK Politician)
Tom Smith (24 April 1886 – 27 February 1953) was a Labour Party politician in England. At the 1922 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the previously Liberal-held seat of Pontefract in West Yorkshire. He was re-elected at the 1923 election, but at the 1924 general election he lost his seat by 701 votes to the Conservative candidate Christopher Brooke. He was re-elected at the 1929 general election, but was defeated again at the 1931 general election. He returned to the House of Commons at an uncontested by-election A by-election, also known as a special election in the United States and the Philippines, or a bypoll in India, is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections. A vacancy may arise as a result of an incumben ... in August 1933, in the neighbouring Normanton constituency, following the death of the Labour MP Frederick Hall. He held the seat until he resigned his seat in 1946 to take up ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noel Carritt
Noel Carritt (1910–1992) was a British communist activist, teacher, and volunteer for the International Brigades. He was born into the Carritt family, known for their Marxist and anti-fascist politics which heavily influenced him. As a young man, he saved German Jewish activist Liesel Carritt from being deported to Nazi Germany by agreeing to enter into a marriage of convenience. In 1936, Noel Carritt, his wife Liesel, and his brother Anthony, all joined the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War and took part in battles against fascist forces led by Franco and backed by Hitler and Mussolini. Noel was wounded during the war, and his brother Anthony was killed while serving as an ambulance driver. During the Second World War, he became an engineer with Fairey Aviation, helping to create military aircraft. Childhood and background Noel Carritt was born in Heath Barrows, Boars Hill, into the Oxfordshire-based Carritt family, notable for the family's large number of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Carritt
Michael John Carritt (3 January 1906 – 1990) was a British communist revolutionary, spy, university lecturer, and a supporter of Indian independence. After graduating from Oxford University, Carritt joined the British Empire's Indian Civil Service. While working for the Civil Service, Carritt became a communist after witnessing the brutality of the British colonial occupation of India. Carritt became a double-agent for the Communist Party of India (CPI), secretly supplying them with information to help them resist British colonialism. After returning from India, he helped the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) develop their policies concerning Indian independence. Over the course of his career he worked as an educator for the Workers Education Association in Brighton, Oxford University, and the University of Sussex. Early life, family, and education Michael Carritt was born on 3 January 1906. His mother Winifred Carritt was a communist activist, and his father Edgar Car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Popular Front (UK)
The Popular Front in the United Kingdom was an attempted an alliance between political parties and individuals of the left and centre-left in the late 1930s to come together to challenge the appeasement policies of the National Government led by Neville Chamberlain. The Popular Front (PF), despite not having the formal endorsement of either the Labour Party or the Liberal Party, fielded candidates at parliamentary by-elections with success. There was no general election to test the support of the PF, and therefore the opportunity for it to form a government. Origins of the Popular Front The Popular Front was launched in December 1936 by the Liberal Richard Acland, the Communist John Strachey, Labour's economist G. D. H. Cole, and the Conservative Robert Boothby. Acland and Boothby were both serving in the House of Commons at the time. Richard Acland Richard Acland was a new Liberal member of parliament who had gained Barnstaple from the Conservatives at the 1935 election. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1938 Oxford By-election
The 1938 Oxford by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Oxford, held on 27 October 1938. The by-election was triggered when Robert Croft Bourne, the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament died on 7 August 1938. He had served as MP for the constituency since a 1924 by-election. Background On 29 September 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain had signed the Munich Agreement, handing over the Sudetenland to German control. This issue polarised British politics at the time, with many Labour supporters, Liberals, and some Conservatives strongly opposed to this policy of appeasement. Many by-elections in the autumn of 1938 were fought around this issue, including this one and also the Bridgwater by-election, three weeks later, where Liberals and Labour again united in support of an Independent anti-appeasement candidate. Candidates The Liberal Party had selected Ivor Davies, a 23-year-old graduate of Edinbur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Raid Precautions
Air Raid Precautions (ARP) refers to a number of organisations and guidelines in the United Kingdom dedicated to the protection of civilians from the danger of air raids. Government consideration for air raid precautions increased in the 1920s and 30s, with the Raid Wardens' Service set up in 1937 to report on bombing incidents. Every local council was responsible for organising ARP wardens, messengers, ambulance drivers, rescue parties, and liaison with police and fire brigades. From 1 September 1939, ARP wardens enforced the " blackout". Heavy curtains and shutters were required on all private residences, commercial premises, and factories to prevent light escaping and so making them a possible marker for enemy bombers to locate their targets. With increased enemy bombing during the Blitz, the ARP services were central in reporting and dealing with bombing incidents. They managed the air raid sirens and ensured people were directed to shelters. Women were involved in ARP servi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford Mail
''Oxford Mail'' is a daily tabloid newspaper in Oxford, England, owned by Newsquest. It is published six days a week. It is a sister paper to the weekly tabloid ''The Oxford Times''. History The ''Oxford Mail'' was founded in 1928 by MP Frank Gray as a successor to ''Jackson's Oxford Journal'' (1753 - 1928), named after William Jackson, a former printer of the University of Oxford The University of Oxford is a collegiate university, collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the List of oldest un .... Originally an evening newspaper, the ''Oxford Mail'' is now published in the morning and online. Over time, through the emergence of digitization and online news, audited print circulation gradually declined (from 23,402 in 2008 to 3,932 in 2024) [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl Of Longford
Francis Aungier Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford (5 December 1905 – 3 August 2001), known to his family as Frank Longford and styled Lord Pakenham from 1945 to 1961, was a British politician and social reformer. A member of the Labour Party (UK), Labour Party, he was one of its longest-serving politicians. He held cabinet positions on several occasions between 1947 and 1968. Longford was politically active until his death in 2001. A member of an old, landed Anglo-Irish family, the Pakenhams (who became Earls of Longford), he was one of the few aristocratic hereditary peers ever to serve in a senior capacity within a Labour government. Longford was famed for championing social outcasts and unpopular causes. He is especially notable for his lifelong advocacy of penal reform. Longford visited prisons on a regular basis for nearly 70 years until his death. He advocated for rehabilitation programmes and helped create the modern British parole system in the 1960s following the aboli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford City Council
Oxford City Council is the local authority for the city of Oxford in Oxfordshire, England. Oxford has had a council since medieval times, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1974, Oxford has been a non-metropolitan district, with county-level functions in the city provided by Oxfordshire County Council. The city council has been under no overall control since 2023. It is based at Oxford Town Hall. History Oxford was an ancient borough, being governed by a corporation from medieval times. The borough gained city status in 1542. It was reformed in 1836 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to become a municipal borough. When elected county councils were created on 1 April 1889, Oxford was initially within the area of Oxfordshire County Council. Seven months later, on 9 November 1889, the city become a county borough, making it independent from the county council. In 1962 the council was given the right to appoint a Lord Mayor. Local government was ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stafford Cripps
Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (24 April 1889 – 21 April 1952) was a British Labour Party (UK), Labour Party politician, barrister, and diplomat. A wealthy lawyer by background, Cripps first entered Parliament at a 1931 Bristol East by-election, by-election in January 1931, and was one of a handful of Labour frontbenchers to retain his seat at 1931 United Kingdom general election, the October general election that year. He became a leading spokesman for the left wing and for co-operation in a Popular Front (UK), Popular Front with Communists before 1939, in which year the Labour Party expelled him. During this time he became intimately involved with Krishna Menon and the India League. During World War II (1939–1945), Cripps served from May 1940 to January 1942 as List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia, Ambassador to the USSR, with major responsibility for building rapport with Hitler's greatest foe. Back in London in early 1942, he became a member of the War cabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cutteslowe Walls
Cutteslowe is a suburb in the north of Oxford, in Oxfordshire, England, between Sunnymead and Water Eaton. Archaeology and toponym The toponym "Cutteslowe" is derived from Old English. The earliest known record of it is from AD 1004 as ''Cuðues hlaye'', which seems to be a mis-spelling of ''Cuðues hlawe''. A ''hlāw'' is a burial mound, in this case for someone called Cūþen or Cūþwine. The village of Cuddesdon, about southeast of Cutteslowe, is also named after someone called Cūþwine. It is not clear whether the two toponyms refer to the same Cūþwine. The Domesday Book of 1086 records Cutteslowe as ''Codeslam'' or ''Codeslaue''. Later mediaeval spellings include ''Cudeslawe'', ''Codeslowe'', ''Kodeslawe'', ''Codeslawe'', ''Cudeslawia'', ''Cudeslowe'', ''Cudeslauya'', ''Cuddeslawe'', ''Culdeslauia'' and ''Coteslowe''. In 1797 it was recorded as ''Cutslow'' or ''Old Cutslow''. The burial mound was prehistoric, and was razed in the 13th century after two people were f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
