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A-share (mainland China)
A-shares (), also known as domestic shares (), are shares that are denominated in renminbi and traded in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, as well as the National Equities Exchange and Quotations. These are in contrast to B-shares that are denominated in foreign currency and traded in Shanghai and Shenzhen, as well as H share H shares () refer to the shares of companies incorporated in mainland China that are traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Many companies float their shares simultaneously on the Hong Kong market and one of the two mainland Chinese stock excha ...s, that are denominated in Hong Kong dollars and traded in the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. A-shares are generally owned by domestic investors. As of 2023, foreign investors own only 3-5% of China's A-shares equity and bond market. In 2018 MSCI began including Chinese A-shares in its MSCI Emerging Markets Index. See also * Chip * Red chip * P chip * S chip * N share * L share * G share * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renminbi
The renminbi ( ; currency symbol, symbol: Yen and yuan sign, ¥; ISO 4217, ISO code: CNY; abbreviation: RMB), also known as the Chinese yuan, is the official currency of the China, People's Republic of China. The renminbi is issued by the People's Bank of China, the Central bank, monetary authority of China. It is the world's Template:Most traded currencies, fifth-most-traded currency as of April 2022. The Yuan (currency), yuan () is the basic unit of the renminbi. One yuan is divided into 10 Jiao (currency), jiao (), and the jiao is further subdivided into 10 Fen (currency), fen (). The word ''yuan'' is widely used to refer to the Chinese currency generally, especially in international contexts. Valuation Until 2005, the value of the renminbi was Fixed exchange-rate system, pegged to the United States dollar, US dollar. As China pursued its Chinese economic reform, transition from planned economy, central planning to a market economy and increased its participation in foreign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Chip
Red chip stocks () are the stocks of mainland China companies incorporated outside mainland China and listed in Hong Kong. It refers to businesses based in mainland China and with (majority) shares controlled either directly or indirectly by a government body. This controlling entity could be one or more combinations of the central, provincial or municipal mainland government, with the company listed in Hong Kong to allow private and overseas investment. The term was coined by Hong Kong economist Alex Tang in 1992 and combines blue chip stocks with " red" representing the Socialist economic philosophy of the People's Republic of China. Stock index of red chips The Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index (HSCCI) is a stock market index of 25 red chip companies. List of red chip companies , there were 267 red chip companies, including: * APT Satellite Holdings * China Aerospace International Holdings * China Development Bank International Investment * China ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finance In China
The People's Republic of China is a developing mixed socialist market economy, incorporating industrial policies and strategic five-year plans. —Xu, Chenggang. "The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development." Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 49, no. 4, American Economic Association, 2011, pp. 1076–151, . —Nee, Victor, and Sonja Opper. "Political Capital in a Market Economy." Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 5, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 2105–32, . —Shue Tuck Wong & Sun Sheng Han (1998) Whither China's Market Economy? The Case of Lijin Zhen, Geographical Review, 88:1, 29–46, —Gregory C. Chow (2005) The Role of Planning in China's Market Economy, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 3:3, 193–203, —HUA, HUANG. "The Market Economy in China." Security Dialogue, vol. 24, no. 2, SAGE Publications, Ltd., 1993, pp. 175–79, . —Chow, Gregory C. "Development of a More Market-Oriented Economy in China." Science, vol. 235, no. 4 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
G Share
G shares () refers to shares traded in the stock exchanges of mainland China that belong to companies that have accomplished stock right division reforms, and have regained business on the market. Owing to the provisional designation of the letter "G" for such stocks during testing of a proposed bill, the category of industries were referred to as the "G board", and the shares as "G shares". See also * Chip * A share * B share * H share * Red chip * P chip * S chip * N share N-Shares () refers to Chinese companies listed on the NYSE, NASDAQ, or the NYSE MKT. The term stands for New York. They may or may not be incorporated in China, but they have their main business operations in mainland China. Most of them are incorp ... * L share Finance in China Stock market terminology {{Stockexchange-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L Share
L-Shares () refers to Chinese companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. The listed companies are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands and Jersey, but they have their main business operations in mainland China. They are listed on the London Stock Exchange according to a memorandum of understanding signed between the UK and China's relevant authorities on October 7, 1996. See also * Chip * A share * B share * H share * Red chip * P chip * S chip * N share * L share * G share G shares () refers to shares traded in the stock exchanges of mainland China that belong to companies that have accomplished stock right division reforms, and have regained business on the market. Owing to the provisional designation of the letter ... * China Concepts Stock References {{DEFAULTSORT:L Share Stock market terminology Finance in China ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N Share
N-Shares () refers to Chinese companies listed on the NYSE, NASDAQ, or the NYSE MKT. The term stands for New York. They may or may not be incorporated in China, but they have their main business operations in mainland China. Most of them are incorporated in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Nevada or Delaware. If they have been incorporated in mainland China, they trade as American Depositary Receipt, ADRs of H share, H Shares. If they have been incorporated in Hong Kong, they trade as American Depositary Receipt, ADRs of Red chips. If they have been incorporated in Nevada, Delaware or Florida, they might have originated as Reverse takeover, reverse mergers. Most N-Shares are the American exchange equivalent of P chip, P-Chips. However, the term N-Shares may only refer to private sector Chinese companies incorporated outside China, which excludes American Depositary Receipt, ADRs of H share, H Shares or Red chips. As of December 2010, the U.S. Securities and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S Chip
S chips () are Chinese companies listed on the Singapore Exchange. Their shares are known as S shares. S chips are incorporated in Singapore, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands and Bermuda and have their business operations in mainland China. Some S chips were beset by corporate governance and accounting problems, resulting in reputational issues that led to share price declines in 2009. The main difference between S chips and P chips is the exchange on which they are traded. An index that covers the prices of S-Chips is the FTSE ST China Index. From January 2008 to October 2009, the FTSE ST China Index had a return of −60%, as opposed to a return of −20% for the Hang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
P Chip
The term P chip () refers to Chinese companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange which are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, Bermuda and the British Virgin Islands with operations in mainland China, and are run by private sector Chinese businessmen. During the 2008 financial crisis, P chips showed a dramatic increase in the rate of bankruptcy failures as compared to H shares or red chips. Since the main difference among private sector Chinese companies incorporated abroad is the exchange in which they are listed, the following terms are used to differentiate them: * P chip if traded in Hong Kong (P stands for "private"). * S chip if traded in Singapore. * N share if traded in the NYSE, NASDAQ, or the AMEX. * L share if traded in London. Therefore, the main difference between P chips and S chips is the exchange on which they are traded. However, a few market participants may use the term "P chips" to refer to the entire universe of private sector Chinese companies inco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chip (stock Market)
A chip is a terminology to describe a stock of a particular quality. Chip Share {, class="wikitable" , +Share !Name !Description , - , , A share , Company listed in Shanghai or Shenzhen and traded in renminbi , - , , B share , Company listed in Shanghai or Shenzhen and traded in a foreign currency , - , , G share , Company listed in China that have accomplished stock right division reform , - , , H share , Company incorporated in mainland China listed in Hong Kong , - , , L share , Company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, Bermuda, or the British Virgin Islands operating in China and listed in London , - , {{rh, align= N share , Company operating in China and listed on NYSE or NASDAQ The Nasdaq Stock Market (; National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American stock exchange based in New York City. It is the most active stock trading venue in the U.S. by volume, and ranked second on the list ... Stock ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shanghai Stock Exchange
The Shanghai Stock Exchange (, SSE) is a stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai, China. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China, the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's third-largest stock market by market capitalization, exceeding $6 trillion in July 2024. It is also Asia's biggest stock exchange. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors and often affected by the decisions of the central government due to capital account controls exercised by the Chinese mainland authorities. In 1891, Shanghai founded China's first exchange system. The current stock exchange was re-established on November 26, 1990, and was in operation on December 19 of the same year. It is a non-profit organization directly administered by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). History The formati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment to form Cambridge University Press and Assessment under Queen Elizabeth II's approval in August 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries, it published over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publications include more than 420 academic journals, monographs, reference works, school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications. It also published Bibles, runs a bookshop in Cambridge, sells through Amazon, and has a conference venues business in Cambridge at the Pitt Building and the Sir Geoffrey Cass Sports and Social Centre. It also served as the King's Printer. Cambridge University Press, as part of the University of Cambridge, was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
