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3,4-Dichloroamphetamine
3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (3,4-DCA), is an amphetamine derived drug invented by Eli Lilly in the 1960s, which has a number of pharmacological actions. It acts as a highly potent and selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and binds to the serotonin transporter with high affinity, but also acts as a selective serotonergic neurotoxin in a similar manner to the related ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA), though with slightly lower potency. It is also a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), as well as a very potent inhibitor of the enzyme phenylethanolamine ''N''-methyl transferase which normally functions to transform noradrenaline into adrenaline in the body. Chemistry Synthesis The reaction of 3,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride (1) with cyanide anion gives 3,4-dichlorophenylacetonitrile (2). Reaction with sodium methoxide and ethyl acetate gives α-acetoxy-3,4-dichlorophenylacetonitrile, (3). Removal of the nitrile group in the presence of sulfuric acid gives 3,4-dichlorophenylacetone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,4-Dichloroamphetamine
2,4-Dichloroamphetamine (2,4-DCA) is a psychostimulant of the amphetamine family and a potent serotonergic neurotoxin related to ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA; 4-chloroamphetamine). It is also a potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a drug class, class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). They are best known as effective antidepressa .... See also * 3-Chloroamphetamine (3-CA) * 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (3,4-DCA) References Chloroarenes Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Monoaminergic neurotoxins Substituted amphetamines Stimulants {{Nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-Chloroamphetamine
3-Chloroamphetamine (3-CA; code name PAL-304), also known as ''meta''-chloroamphetamine (MCA), is a psychostimulant of the amphetamine family and a serotonergic neurotoxin related to ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA; 4-chloroamphetamine). The drug is a potent serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Its values for induction of monoamine release are 9.4nM for norepinephrine, 11.8nM for dopamine, and 120nM for serotonin. Hence, 3-CA shows around 10-fold preference for induction of catecholamine release over induction of serotonin release. 3-CA is closely related to the potent serotonergic neurotoxin PCA. In contrast to PCA, 3-CA produced no serotonergic neurotoxicity in rodents. However, this was found to be due to rapid metabolism Metabolism (, from ''metabolē'', "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cendifensine
Cendifensine () is a monoamine reuptake inhibitor (MRI) related to the amphetamines and cathinones which has not been marketed at this time. It was first described by 2013 and its was proposed in 2024. The drug has been patented by Noema Pharma, which is developing a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) known as NOE-115 for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms as well as for binge-eating disorder and depressive disorders. See also * 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine * Bupropion Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant that is indicated in the treatment of major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and to support smo ... * Lafadofensine * Org 6582 References Experimental drugs Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Cathinones Chloroarenes Ketones Propyl compounds Pyrrolidines {{Psychoactive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cericlamine
Cericlamine (INN; developmental code JO-1017) is a potent and moderately selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) of the amphetamine family (specifically, a derivative of phentermine, and closely related to chlorphentermine, a highly selective serotonin releasing agent) that was investigated as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and anorexia nervosa by Jouveinal but did not complete development and was never marketed. It reached phase III clinical trials in 1996 before development was discontinued in 1999. According to Czech scientists, cericlamine is claimed to be part of a highly advanced “''fifth generation''” of antidepressants as was venlafaxine. The daily dosage was reported to be 300mg. See also * 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine * Alaproclate * Bupropion * Chlorphentermine * Clortermine * Cloforex * Etolorex * Femoxetine * Ifoxetine * Indalpine * Methylenedioxyphentermine * Omiloxetine * Panuramine * ''para''-Chloroamphetam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clortermine
Clortermine (Voranil) was developed by Ciba in the 1960s and is an anorectic drug of the amphetamine class. It is the 2-chloro analogue of the better known appetite suppressant phentermine, and is the 2-chloro positional isomer of chlorphentermine. Clortermine produces very low rates of self-administration in animals similarly to chlorphentermine, and as a result it likely does not act on dopamine. Instead, it may act as a serotonin and/or norepinephrine releasing agent. See also * 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine * Cericlamine * Chlorphentermine * Cloforex * Etolorex * Methylenedioxyphentermine * Phentermine Phentermine, sold under the brand name Adipex-P among others, is a medication used together with diet and exercise to treat obesity. It is available by itself or as the combination phentermine/topiramate. Phentermine is taken by mouth. Com ... References Anorectics 2-Chlorophenyl compounds Monoamine releasing agents Phentermines {{Nervous-system-drug- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Etolorex
Etolorex is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and anorectic drug belonging to the substituted amphetamine and phenethylamine chemical classes. Etolorex was derived from phentermine, an amphetamine derivative in its own right frequently prescribed as a weight loss drug for the treatment of obesity with a positive side effect of CNS activation and energizing the patient. Etolorex, for unknown reasons, was never marketed. Synthesis Made by the reaction of chlorphentermine with 2-Chloroethanol. See also * 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine * Cericlamine * Chlorphentermine * Cloforex * Clortermine * Methylenedioxyphentermine * Phentermine Phentermine, sold under the brand name Adipex-P among others, is a medication used together with diet and exercise to treat obesity. It is available by itself or as the combination phentermine/topiramate. Phentermine is taken by mouth. Com ... References Abandoned drugs Anorectics 4-Chlorophenyl compounds Monoamine releasing agen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Para-chloroamphetamine
''para''-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), also known as 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA), is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and serotonergic neurotoxin of the amphetamine family. It is used in scientific research in the study of the serotonin system, as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA) at lower doses to produce serotonergic effects, and as a serotonergic neurotoxin at higher doses to produce long-lasting depletions of serotonin. PCA has also been clinically studied as an appetite suppressant and antidepressant, but findings of neurotoxicity in animals discouraged further evaluation. It has also been encountered as a designer drug, although it never achieved popularity, again perhaps due to its neurotoxicity. Effects PCA was studied clinically as an appetite suppressant and antidepressant and its effects in these studies were described. It has been said to have only slight stimulant effects and to behave more like an antidepressant than a stimulant. At doses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonergic Neurotoxin
A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons. Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Examples of monoamine neurotoxins include the serotonergic neurotoxins ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT); the dopaminergic neurotoxins oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine), MPTP, and methamphetamine; and the noradrenergic neurotoxins oxidopamine and DSP-4. In the case of serotonergic neurotoxins like MDMA, research suggests that simultaneous induction of serotonin and dopamine release, serotonin depletion, dopamine uptake and metabolism, hyperthermia, oxidative stress and antioxidant depletion, and/or drug metabolites may all be involved in the neurotoxicity. On the other hand, there is evidence that drug metabolites may not be involved. So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Para-Chloroamphetamine
''para''-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), also known as 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA), is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and serotonergic neurotoxin of the amphetamine family. It is used in scientific research in the study of the serotonin system, as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA) at lower doses to produce serotonergic effects, and as a serotonergic neurotoxin at higher doses to produce long-lasting depletions of serotonin. PCA has also been clinically studied as an appetite suppressant and antidepressant, but findings of neurotoxicity in animals discouraged further evaluation. It has also been encountered as a designer drug, although it never achieved popularity, again perhaps due to its neurotoxicity. Effects PCA was studied clinically as an appetite suppressant and antidepressant and its effects in these studies were described. It has been said to have only slight stimulant effects and to behave more like an antidepressant than a stimulant. At doses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoaminergic Neurotoxins
A monoamine neurotoxin, or monoaminergic neurotoxin, is a drug that selectively damages or destroys monoaminergic neurons. Monoaminergic neurons are neurons that signal via stimulation by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Examples of monoamine neurotoxins include the serotonergic neurotoxins ''para''-chloroamphetamine (PCA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT); the dopaminergic neurotoxins oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine), MPTP, and methamphetamine; and the noradrenergic neurotoxins oxidopamine and DSP-4. In the case of serotonergic neurotoxins like MDMA, research suggests that simultaneous induction of serotonin and dopamine release, serotonin depletion, dopamine uptake and metabolism, hyperthermia, oxidative stress and antioxidant depletion, and/or drug metabolites may all be involved in the neurotoxicity. On the other hand, there is evidence that drug metabolites may not be involved. So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
