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1912 Russian Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in the Russian Empire in September 1912 to elect the 442 members of the fourth State Duma.Theofanis G. Stavrou (1969) ''Russia Under the Last Tsar'' U of Minnesota Press, p108 Electoral Process The elections to the fourth State Duma were conducted on Electoral Law 1907, which were the same laws as the third State Duma had been elected under in the October 1907 Russian legislative election. Results Around 51% of those elected were nobles, the highest during the Tsarist era. Both the right- and left-wing increased their representation in the Duma; right-wing candidates won 153 seats and left-wingers 152, whilst the centrists, including the Union of October 17, were reduced to 130 seats. Aftermath Following the elections, the Union of October 17 became an opposition party due to its harassment by the government during the election. See also * History of Russia (1894–1917) * Russian Revolution of 1905 * Coup of June 1907 * Stolypin r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Duma Of The Russian Empire
The State Duma, also known as the Imperial Duma, was the lower house of the legislature in the Russian Empire, while the upper house was the State Council (Russian Empire), State Council. It held its meetings in the Tauride Palace in Saint Petersburg. It convened four times between 27 April 1906 and the collapse of the empire in February 1917. The first and the second dumas were more democratic and represented a greater number of national types than their successors. The third duma was dominated by gentry, landowners, and businessmen. The fourth duma held five sessions; it existed until 2 March 1917, and was formally dissolved on 6 October 1917. History Coming under pressure from the Russian Revolution of 1905, on August 6, 1905 (O.S.), Sergei Witte (appointed by Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II to manage peace negotiations with Empire of Japan, Japan after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905) issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trudoviks
The Trudoviks () were a democratic socialist political party of Russia in the early 20th century. History The Trudoviks were a breakaway of the Socialist Revolutionary Party faction as they defied the party's stance by standing in the First Duma. They were founded and led by Aleksei Aladin, a Russian soldier. He was elected to the First Duma in 1906 but spent his later years in exile in the United Kingdom. Aladin was born in Simbirsk in 1873 to a peasant family and attended the same gymnasium as Lenin and Alexander Kerensky. This agrarian socialist party was one of hundreds of small workers' circles that sprang up around Russia in the aftermath of the 1905 Revolution. While the revolution did not remove the Tsar, it certainly curtailed his power—but not to the extent of the democratic, liberal society that the revolutionaries had hoped for—and as result the party remained small, though it survived. The Trudoviks are best known for winning seats in the State Duma, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legislative Elections In Russia
Russian legislative elections are a procedure of determining the composition of the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament, for the next five years through universal, direct, and secret voting of 450 deputies. As of 2021, these elections have been held eight times: * Elections of the 1st convocation of the State Duma: 12 December 1993; * Elections of the 2nd convocation of the State Duma: 17 December 1995; * Elections of the 3rd convocation of the State Duma: 19 December 1999; * Elections of the 4th convocation of the State Duma: 7 December 2003; * Elections of the 5th convocation of the State Duma: 2 December 2007; * Elections of the 6th convocation of the State Duma: 4 December 2011; * Elections of the 7th convocation of the State Duma: 18 September 2016; * Elections of the 8th convocation of the State Duma: 19 September 2021. According to the current Russian legislation, 225 from the 450 mandates of the State Duma are distributed among the lists of political parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1912 In The Russian Empire
Year 191 ( CXCI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Apronianus and Bradua (or, less frequently, year 944 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 191 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Parthia * King Vologases IV of Parthia dies after a 44-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Vologases V. China * A coalition of Chinese warlords from the east of Hangu Pass launches a punitive campaign against the warlord Dong Zhuo, who seized control of the central government in 189, and held the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage. After suffering some defeats against the coalition forces, Dong Zhuo forcefully relocates the imperial capital from Luoyang to Chang'an. Before leaving, Dong Zhuo orders his troops to loot the tombs of the Han emperors, and then destroy Luoyang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nobility
United Nobility (; ''Ob'yedinennoye dvoryanstvo'') was a political association active in the Russian Empire from 1906 to 1917. The organisation consisted of the Russian nobility and gentry. United Nobility was one of several landowners' organisations which were established in the wake of the Russian Peasants' uprising of 1905–1906, and the largest estates joined these groups as a part of a larger "gentry reaction" to the violence directed towards Russian squires.Figes, p. 206 Its leader was Count Aleksei Bobrinsky, brother-in-law of later Prime Minister Georgy Lvov. It was established to defend the property rights and the domination in local politics of the gentry. The organisation had a strong presence in the State Council, with one third of all seats being held by a member, and prevented the passing of liberal reforms from the Duma.Figes, p. 216 It had powerful supporters in the State Council, the Civil Service and the Tsar's court. The organisation led a campaign against t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zemstvo
A zemstvo (, , , ''zemstva'') was an institution of local government set up in consequence of the emancipation reform of 1861 of Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Nikolay Milyutin elaborated the idea of the zemstvo, and the first zemstvo laws went into effect in 1864. After the October Revolution of 1917 the zemstvo system was shut down by the Bolsheviks and replaced with a multilevel system of workers' and peasants' councils ("soviets"). History Zemstvos were created as part of the larger Great Reforms with the specific goal of creating organs of elected, local self-government. The existing system of local self-government in the Russian Empire was represented at the lowest level by the mir and at the regional level by the volost. These institutions continued during the zemstvo period; however, they were seen as insufficient, due to their lack of independent authority. In 1864, the first law on zemstvos was enacted by the Emperor, a law that outlined the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral College
An electoral college is a body whose task is to elect a candidate to a particular office. It is mostly used in the political context for a constitutional body that appoints the head of state or government, and sometimes the upper parliamentary chamber, in a democracy. Its members, called ''electors'', are either elected by the people for this purpose (making the whole process an indirect election) or by certain subregional entities or social organizations. If a constituent body that is not only summoned for this particular task, like a parliament, elects or appoints certain officials, it is not referred to as "electoral college" (see e.g. parliamentary system). Also, other appointing bodies (like committees appointing judges, as in Canada or Germany) normally do not fall into this definition. Examples United States The United States Electoral College is the only remaining electoral college in democracies where an executive president (a head of state who is also head of go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
October Manifesto
The October Manifesto (), officially "The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order" (), is a document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's first Constitution, which was adopted the following year in 1906. The Manifesto was issued by Tsar Nicholas II (1868–1918, ruled 1894–1917), under the influence of Sergei Witte (1849–1915), on as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. Nicholas strenuously resisted these ideas, but gave in after his first choice to head a military dictatorship,''Scenarios of Power, From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II'' by Richard Wortman, p. 398 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vyborg Manifesto
The "Vyborg Manifesto" (, , ; also called the "Vyborg Appeal") was a proclamation signed by several Russian politicians, primarily Kadets and Trudoviks) of the dissolved First Duma on . In the wake of the 1905 Revolution, Russia's first modern parliament, the State Duma, was convoked. It rapidly became a voice of radicalism and liberalism, and was subsequently dissolved by the Tsarist government 72 days after convocation. Outraged, several members of the first Duma traveled to Vyborg in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, where they signed a 'manifesto' calling for 'passive resistance', which included evading taxes and defying conscription orders. The manifesto was met with 'universal indifference', which allowed the Tsarist authorities to silence the manifesto's contributors. They were all banned from participating in future Dumas. As a result, the Kadet party turned towards conservatism and no longer consciously identified themselves as a party for 'the people'. Background ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stolypin Reforms
The Stolypin agrarian reforms were a series of changes to Imperial Russia's agricultural sector instituted during the tenure of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin. Most, if not all, of these reforms were based on recommendations from a committee known as the "Needs of Agricultural Industry Special Conference," which was held in Russia between 1901 and 1903 during the tenure of Minister of Finance Sergei Witte. Agrarian reforms The reforms aimed to transform the traditional ''obshchina'' form of Russian agriculture, which bore some similarities to the open-field system of Britain. Serfs who had been liberated by the emancipation reform of 1861 lacked the financial ability to leave their new lands, as they owed money to the state for periods of up to 49 years. Perceived drawbacks of the ''obshchina'' system included collective ownership, scattered land allotments based on family size, and a significant level of control by the family elder. Stolypin, as a staunch conservative, also sought ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
