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ḫāʾ
, , or Xe (, transliterated as ( DIN-31635), ( Hans Wehr), (ALA-LC) or (ISO 233)) is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). It is based on the ' . It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪍, South Arabian , and Ge'ez . It represents the sound or in Modern Standard Arabic. The pronunciation of is very similar to German, Irish, and Polish unpalatalised " ch", Russian х (Cyrillic Kha), Greek χ and Peninsular Spanish and Southern Cone " j". In name and shape, it is a variant of . South Semitic also kept the phoneme separate, and it appears as South Arabian , Ge'ez ኀ. Its numerical value is 600 (see Abjad numerals). In most European languages, it is mostly romanized as the digraph ''kh''. When representing this sound in transliteration of Arabic into Hebrew, it is written as ח׳. The most common transliteration in English is "kh", e.g. ''Khartou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ḥāʾ
Heth, sometimes written Chet or Ḥet, is the eighth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ''ḥēt'' 𐤇, Hebrew ''ḥēt'' , Aramaic ''ḥēṯ'' 𐡇, Syriac ''ḥēṯ'' ܚ, and Arabic ''ḥāʾ'' . It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪂, South Arabian , and Ge'ez . Heth originally represented a voiceless fricative, either pharyngeal , or velar . In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified ' represents , while ' represents . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek eta , Etruscan , Latin H, and Cyrillic И. While H is a consonant in the Latin alphabet, the Greek and Cyrillic equivalents represent vowel sounds, though the letter was originally a consonant in Greek and this usage later evolved into the rough breathing character. The Phoenician letter also gave rise to the archaic Greek letter '' heta'', as well as a variant of Cyrillic letter I, short I. The Arabic letter (ح ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
𐤇
Heth, sometimes written Chet or Ḥet, is the eighth Letter (alphabet), letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician alphabet, Phoenician ''ḥēt'' 𐤇, Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew ''ḥēt'' , Aramaic alphabet, Aramaic ''ḥēṯ'' 𐡇, Syriac alphabet, Syriac ''ḥēṯ'' ܚ, and Arabic alphabet, Arabic ''ḥāʾ'' . It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪂, Ancient South Arabian script, South Arabian , and Geʽez script, Ge'ez . Heth originally represented a voiceless fricative, either voiceless pharyngeal fricative, pharyngeal , or voiceless velar fricative, velar . In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified ' represents , while ' represents . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek alphabet, Greek eta , Etruscan alphabet, Etruscan , Latin alphabet, Latin H, and Cyrillic script, Cyrillic I (Cyrillic), И. While H is a consonant in the Latin alphabet, the Greek and Cyrillic equivalents represent v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abjad Numerals
The Abjad numerals, also called Hisab al-Jummal (, ), are a decimal alphabetic numeral system/alphanumeric code, in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arab world, Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when Positional notation, positional Arabic numerals were adopted. In modern Arabic, the word ' () means 'alphabet' in general. In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, aleph#Arabic, ʾalif, is used to represent 1; the second letter, Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ, bāʾ, 2, up to 9. Letters then represent the first nine intervals of 10s and those of the 100s: Yodh#Arabic yāʼ, yāʾ for 10, Kaph#Arabic kāf, kāf for 20, Qoph#Arabic Qāf, qāf for 100, ending with 1000. The word ''abjad, ʾabjad'' () itself derives from the first four letters (A-B-G-D) of the Semitic alphabet, including the Aramaic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, and other scripts for Semitic languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ḍād
() is the fifteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet, one of the six letters not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In name and shape, it is a variant of . Its numerical value is 800 (see Abjad numerals). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪓, South Arabian . The letter symbol itself is a derivation, by addition of a diacritic dot, from ص ''ṣād'' (representing /sˤ/). Origin Based on ancient descriptions of this sound, it is clear that in Qur'anic Arabic ''ḍ'' was some sort of unusual lateral sound. Sibawayh, author of the first book on Arabic grammar, explained the letter as being articulated from "between the first part of the side of the tongue and the adjoining molars". It is reconstructed by modern linguists as having been either a pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative or a similar affricated sound or . The affricated form is suggested by loans of ''ḍ'' into Akkadian as ''ld'' or '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ḏāl
' (, also transcribed as ') is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪙, and Ancient South Arabian script, South Arabian . In Modern Standard Arabic it represents . In name and shape, it is a variant of (). Its numerical value is 700 (see abjad numerals). The Arabic letter is named '. It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word: The South Arabian alphabet retained a symbol for , . When representing this sound in transliteration of Arabic into Hebrew, it is written as . This sound is found in English, as in the words "those" or "then". In English the sound is sometimes rendered "Pronunciation respelling for English, dh" when transliterated from foreign languages, but when it occurs in English words it is one of the pronunciations occurring for the digraph "Th (digraph), th". Azerbaijan is the only ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Script
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic (Arabic alphabet) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world (after the Latin script), the second-most widely used List of writing systems by adoption, writing system in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese characters, Chinese scripts). The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran, the holy book of Islam. With Spread of Islam, the religion's spread, it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are Arabic language, Arabic, Persian language, Persian (Western Persian, Farsi and Dari), Urdu, Uyghur language, Uyghur, Kurdish languages, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi language, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi language, Sindhi, South Azerbaijani, Azerb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kha (Cyrillic)
Kha, Khe, Xe or Ha (Х х; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It Homoglyph, looks the same as the X, Latin letter X (X x ''X x''), in both uppercase and lowercase, both roman and italic forms, and was derived from the Greek alphabet, Greek letter Chi (letter), Chi, which also bears a resemblance to both the Latin X and Kha. It commonly represents the voiceless velar fricative , similar to how some Scottish English, Scottish speakers pronounce the in “loch”, but has different pronunciations in different languages. Kha is romanised as for Russian, Ukrainian, Mongolian, and Tajik, and as for Belarusian and Polish, while being romanised as for Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Kazakh. It is also romanised as for Spanish language, Spanish. History The Cyrillic letter Kha was derived from the Chi (letter), Greek letter Chi (Χ χ). The name of Kha in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (''xěrŭ''). In the Cyrillic numerals, Cy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chi (letter)
Chi ( , also ; uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; ) is the twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet. Greek Pronunciation Ancient Greek Its value in Ancient Greek was an aspirated voiceless velar plosive, velar stop (in the Western Greek alphabet: /ks/). Koine Greek In Koine Greek and later dialects it became a Fricative consonant, fricative (/) along with Theta (letter), Θ and Phi (letter), Φ. Modern Greek In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of close vowel, high or front vowels ( or ) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative , as in Standard German phonology#Ich-Laut and ach-Laut, German ''ich'' or like English phonology#Consonants, some pronunciations of "h" in English words like ''hew'' and ''human''. In front of open vowel, low or back vowels (, or ) and consonants, it is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative (), as in German ''ach'' or Spanish phonology#Consonants, Spanish ''j''. This distinction corresponds to the ich-Laut and ach- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peninsular Spanish
Peninsular Spanish (), also known as the Spanish of Spain (), European Spanish (), or Iberian Spanish (), is the set of varieties of the Spanish language spoken in Peninsular Spain. This construct is often framed in opposition to varieties from the Americas and the Canary Islands. From a phonological standpoint, there is a north-south gradient contrasting conservative and innovative pronunciation patterns. The former generally retain features such as – distinction and realization of intervocalic /d/, whilst the latter may not. Processes of interaction and levelling between standard (a construct popularly perceived as based on northern dialects) and nonstandard varieties however involve ongoing adoption of conservative traits south and innovative ones north. In line with Spanish language's rich consonant fluctuation, other internal variation within varieties of Peninsular Spanish is represented by phenomena such as weakening of coda position -/s/, the defricativization o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Semitic
South Semitic is a putative branch of the Semitic languages, which form a branch of the larger Afro-Asiatic language family, found in (North and East) Africa and Western Asia. The grouping is controversial and several alternate classifications supplanting South Semitic have been proposed in recent decades. History The "homeland" of the South Semitic languages is still debated amongst researchers, with sources such as A. Murtonen (1967) and Lionel Bender (1997) suggesting an origin in Ethiopia and others suggesting the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula. A 2009 study by Andrew Kitchen and Christopher Ehret amongst others, based on using a Bayesian model to estimate language change, concluded that the latter viewpoint is more probable, with origins in Southern Arabia, and subsequent migration into the Horn of Africa around 2800 years ago. This statistical analysis could not estimate when or where the ancestor of all Semitic languages diverged from Afroasiatic, but it s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Cone
The Southern Cone (, ) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of South America, mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. In terms of geography, the Southern Cone comprises Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay, and sometimes includes Brazil's four southernmost states ( Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo). The Southern Cone is the subregion with the highest Human Development Index, and highest standard of living in Latin America. Geography and extent Countries In most cases, the term "Southern Cone" refers specifically to Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay, due to their geographical, cultural, ethnic, and economic similarities. Other regions Brazil Brazil's four southernmost states ( Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo) share characteristics with Argenti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA) is the variety of Standard language, standardized, Literary language, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages also the variety of spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard. MSA is the language used in literature, academia, print media, print and mass media, law and legislation, though it is generally not spoken as a first language, similar to Contemporary Latin. It is a Pluricentric language, pluricentric standard language taught throughout the Arab world in formal education, differing significantly from many vernacular varieties of Arabic that are commonly spoken as mother tongues in the area; these are only partially mutually intelligible with both MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the Dialect continuum#Arabic, Arabic dialect continuum. Many linguists consider MSA to be distinct from Classical Arabic (CA; ) – t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
