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гражданский шрифт
Russian orthography has been reformed officially and unofficially by changing the Russian alphabet over the course of the history of the Russian language. Several important reforms happened in the 18th–20th centuries. Early changes Old East Slavic adopted the Cyrillic script, approximately during the 10th century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity into the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs. No distinction was drawn between the vernacular language and the liturgical, though the latter was based on South Slavic languages, South Slavic rather than East Slavic languages, Eastern Slavic norms. As the language evolved, several letters, notably the ''yuses'' (Ѫ, Ѭ, Ѧ, Ѩ) were gradually and unsystematically discarded from both secular and church usage over the next centuries. The emergence of the centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, the consequent rise of the state bureaucracy along with the development of the com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Orthography
Russian orthography () is an orthography, orthographic tradition formally considered to encompass spelling ( rus, орфогра́фия, r=orfografiya, p=ɐrfɐˈɡrafʲɪjə) and punctuation ( rus, пунктуа́ция, r=punktuatsiya, p=pʊnktʊˈat͡sɨjə). Russian spelling, which is mostly phonemic in practice, is a mix of ''morphological'' and ''phonetic'' principles, with a few ''etymological'' or ''historic'' forms, and occasional ''grammatical'' differentiation. The punctuation, originally based on Medieval Greek, Byzantine Greek, was in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reformulated on the models of French orthography, French and German orthography, German orthography. The Help:IPA/Russian, IPA transcription attempts to reflect Vowel reduction in Russian, vowel reduction when not under stress (linguistics), stress. The sounds that are presented are those of the standard language; other dialects may have noticeably different pronunciations for the vowels. Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasily Trediakovsky
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (; – ) was a Russian poet, essayist and playwright who helped lay the foundations of classical Russian literature. Biography The son of a poor priest, Trediakovsky became the first Russian commoner to receive a humanistic education abroad, at the Sorbonne in Paris (1727–1730) where he studied philosophy, linguistics and mathematics. Soon after his return to Russia, he became acting secretary of the Academy of Sciences and ''de facto'' court poet. In 1735, Trediakovsky published ''A New and Brief Way for Composing of Russian Verses'' (), a highly theoretical work for which he is best remembered. It discussed for the first time in Russian literature such poetic genres as the sonnet, the rondeau, the madrigal, and the ode. In 1740, Trediakovsky received a physical beating at the hands of the imperial minister Artemy Volynsky. Volynsky was arrested on charges of conspiracy and misconduct, but Trediakovsky became, "a subject of consta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yakov Grot
Yakov Karlovich Grot (; – ) was a Russian philologist of German extraction who worked at the University of Helsinki. Grot was a graduate of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. In his lifetime, he gained fame for his translations of German and Scandinavian poetry, his work on the theory of Russian orthography, lexicography, and grammar, and his approach to literary editing and criticism, exemplified in a full edition of the works of Derzhavin (1864–1883). His ''Russian Orthography'' (1878, 1885) (, ''Russkoye pravopisaniye'') became the standard textbook of Russian spelling and punctuation until superseded by the decrees of 1917–1918, although his definition of the theoretical foundations remains little changed to this day. Shortly before his death, he assumed the compilation of the ''Academic Dictionary of Russian'' (1891–1923), which, although continued by Aleksey Shakhmatov, was never to be completed. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JIUKEN Typewriter
JCUKEN (''ЙЦУКЕН'', also known as ''YCUKEN'', ''YTsUKEN'' and ''JTSUKEN'') is the main Cyrillic keyboard layout for the Russian language in computers and typewriters. Earlier in Russia, the #JIUKEN, ''JIUKEN'' (''ЙІУКЕН'') layout was the main layout, but it was replaced by ''JCUKEN'' in 1953. Alternative layouts include the Russian Phonetic keyboard layout#Phonetic layouts for Russian, phonetic keyboard layouts, in which Cyrillic letters correspond to similar-sounding Latin-script alphabet, Latin letters in QWERTY and other layouts. JCUKEN for Russian MICROSOFT layout APPLE layout Typewriters and UNIX layout Used on typewriters before personal computers. In Unix-like operating systems this layout is standard (Keyboard GOST 6431-90). It is available in Microsoft Windows as a legacy layout. JIUKEN, the predecessor The ''JIUKEN'' layout was used before the Reforms of Russian orthography#Post-revolution reform, Russian spelling reform of 1917. It inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien language, Francien) largely supplanted. It was also substratum (linguistics), influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic languages, Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Franks, Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
