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α-PCYP
α-PCyP (α-PyrrolidinoCyclohexanoPhenone) is a stimulant drug of the Substituted cathinone, cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. In a series of alpha-substituted pyrrolidinyl cathinone derivatives developed in 2015, the alpha-cyclopentyl derivative was found to have around the same potency ''in vitro'' as an dopamine reuptake inhibitor, inhibitor of the dopamine transporter as the alpha-propyl derivative alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone, α-PVP, while the alpha-cyclohexyl derivative α-PCyP was around twice as strong. See also * Rolicyclidine, PCPy * Picilorex * Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone, α-PHP * α-PHiP * Alpha-D2PV * βk-Ephenidine * Diphenidine * Indapyrophenidone * UWA-101 * Zylofuramine References Pyrrolidinophenones Designer drugs Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
α-PHiP
α-Pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone (mainly known as A-PiHP or α-PiHP) is a stimulant drug of the Substituted cathinone, cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It acts as a potent Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). In July 2016 α-PiHP was first identified as a designer drug when it was reported to the EMCDDA by a forensic laboratory in Slovenia. It is a positional isomer of pyrovalerone, with the methyl group shifted from the 4-position of the aromatic ring to the 4-position of the acyl chain. Similarly to other cathinones, use of α-PiHP can result in compulsive redosing, addiction, anxiety, paranoia, and psychosis. Pharmacology In a classic 2006 study of pyrrolidinyl cathinone derivatives by Meltzer et al. at Organix Inc, Organix, the alpha-isobutyl derivative of pyrovalerone, O-2494, was found to have the highest potency ''in vitro'' as an dopamine reuptake inhibitor, inhibitor of the dopamine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Cathinone
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and Empathogen-entactogen, entactogens, are chemical derivative, derivatives of cathinone. They feature a substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine core with an alkyl functional group, group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, beta carbon, along with additional Substitution reaction, substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug. Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and drug addiction, addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
βk-Ephenidine
2-(Ethylamino)-1,2-diphenylethanone (also known as α-ethylamino-deoxybenzoin, ±-(Ethylamino)benzyl(phenyl)-ketone and βk-Ephenidine) is a chemical compound which was first invented in 1955, researched by ICI in 1969 as an antidepressant, and subsequently claimed by AstraZeneca as an inhibitor of the enzyme 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. No other pharmacological data has been disclosed, though its chemical structure closely resembles that of certain designer drug compounds such as ephenidine and N-ethylhexedrone. See also * α-PCYP α-PCyP (α-PyrrolidinoCyclohexanoPhenone) is a stimulant drug of the Substituted cathinone, cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. In a series of alpha-substituted pyrrolidinyl cathinone derivatives developed in 2015, th ... * Alpha-D2PV * Fluorolintane * Indapyrophenidone * Lefetamine * UWA-001 References Enzyme inhibitors Drugs developed by AstraZeneca {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virginia
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The state's List of capitals in the United States, capital is Richmond, Virginia, Richmond and its most populous city is Virginia Beach, Virginia, Virginia Beach. Its most populous subdivision is Fairfax County, Virginia, Fairfax County, part of Northern Virginia, where slightly over a third of Virginia's population of more than 8.8million live. Eastern Virginia is part of the Atlantic Plain, and the Middle Peninsula forms the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Central Virginia lies predominantly in the Piedmont (United States), Piedmont, the foothill region of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which cross the western and southwestern parts of the state. The fertile Shenandoah Valley fosters the state's mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zylofuramine
Zylofuramine is a stimulant drug. It was developed in 1961, and was intended for use as an appetite suppressant and for the treatment of senile dementia in the elderly, but there is little information about it and it does not appear to have ever been marketed. Its chemical structure has a similarity to other ''N''-ethyl substituted stimulant drugs such as ethylamphetamine and ''N''-ethylhexedrone. Synthesis : The Grignard reaction of benzylmagnesium bromide (1) and the imine of furfural and ethylamine, ''N''-ethylfuran-2-methaneimine (2), gives the amine derivative (3). Hydrogenation using a Raney nickel Raney nickel , also called spongy nickel, is a fine-grained solid composed mostly of nickel derived from a nickel–aluminium alloy. Several grades are known, of which most are gray solids. Some are pyrophoric, but most are used as air-stable s ... catalyst yields zylofuramine. References {{Phenethylamines Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents Stimulants Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UWA-101
UWA-101 (also known as α-cyclopropyl-MDMA) is a phenethylamine derivative researched as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. Its chemical structure is very similar to that of the illegal drug MDMA, the only difference being the replacement of the α-methyl group with an α-cyclopropyl group. MDMA has been found in animal studies and reported in unauthorised human self-experiments to be effective in the short-term relief of side-effects of Parkinson's disease therapy, most notably levodopa-induced dyskinesia. However the illegal status of MDMA and concerns about its potential for recreational use, neurotoxicity and potentially dangerous side effects mean that it is unlikely to be investigated for medical use in this application, and so alternative analogues were investigated. Replacing the α-methyl with a cyclopropyl dramatically reduces affinity for the noradrenaline transporter and 5-HT2A receptor, while retaining high serotonin transporter affinity and markedly in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indapyrophenidone
Indapyrophenidone is a synthetic drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. The substance is the indanyl-α-phenyl analogue of the stimulant drug α-PVP; however, it is also structurally related to diarylethylamines such as fluorolintane and UWA-001. Its mechanism of action is unknown. See also * 3,4-Pr-PipVP * 5-BPDi * Alpha-D2PV * βk-Ephenidine * Diphenidine * Ephenidine * Lefetamine * Methoxphenidine * Pyrovalerone (Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was developed in the 1980s and had briefly been approved in Spain an ... * TH-PVP References Designer drugs Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action Stimulants 1,2-Diarylethylamines Pyrrolidinophenones {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diphenidine
Diphenidine (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug. Diphenidine was first synthesized in 1924 using a Bruylants reaction similar to the one later employed in the discovery of phencyclidine in 1956. Following the 2013 UK ban on arylcyclohexylamines, diphenidine and the related compound methoxphenidine emerged on the grey market. Anecdotal reports indicate that high doses of diphenidine can produce "bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia." Pharmacology Electrophysiological studies show that diphenidine reduces the amplitude of NMDA-mediated fEPSPs to a similar extent as ketamine, although its antagonistic effect has a slower onset. The drug's two enantiomers exhibit markedly different NMDA receptor affinities, with the (S)-enantiomer being approximately 40 times more potent than the (R)-enantiomer. Since diphenidine's emergence in 2013, vendors have claimed it acts on the dopamine transporter, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimulant
Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognition, Mood disorder, mood, and physical activity, physical performance. Some stimulants occur naturally, while others are exclusively synthetic. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate, and modafinil. Stimulants may be subject to varying forms of regulation, or outright prohibition, depending on jurisdiction. Stimulants increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system, either directly or indirectly. Prototypical stimulants increase synaptic concentrations of neurotransmitter, excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and dopamine (e.g., methylphenidate). Other stimulants work by binding to the Receptor (biochemistry), receptors of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., nicotine) or by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
