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ʿAlī Ḥaydar Pāshā
ʿAlī Ḥaydar Pāshā ibn Jābir (; , ''ʿAlī Ḥaydar Bāshā''; April 1866 – 12 May 1935) was an Ottoman politician who served as Emir and Grand Sharif of Mecca from 1916 to 1917 during the Arab Revolt and the First World War. Life in Istanbul to 1914 ʿAlī Ḥaydar, the son of Sharif ʿAlī Jābir Pāshā, was born in April 1866 in a ''yalı'' belonging to his grandfather, Sharif ‘Abd al-Muttalib, formerly Emir of Mecca, in the Kanlıca neighborhood of Istanbul (Constantinople). He was an Arab, a member of the Dhawu Zayd, a clan of the Banu Qatada tribe. In 1879 ‘Abd al-Muttalib was appointed Emir of Mecca for the third time and ʿAlī Ḥaydar was sent as a hostage to Istanbul, where he eventually settled in the Çamlıca Hill district. In 1887 he was made a member of the Council of State with the rank of ''bala''. ʿAlī Ḥaydar's first wife was Sabiha Hanım, a Turkish woman. With her he had one daughter, Şerife Nimet Hanım, and three sons. Their eldest son wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pāshā
Pasha (; ; ) was a high rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others. ''Pasha'' was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt and it was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district. Etymology The English word ''pasha'' comes from Turkish ('; also ()). The Oxford English Dictionary attributes the origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century. The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate. Contrary to titles like emir (''amīr'') and bey (sir), which were established in usage much earlier, the title ''pasha'' came into Ottoman usage right after the reign of Osman I (d. 1324), though it had been used before the Ottomans by some Anatolian Turkish rulers of the same era. Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled still in the 15th century. Accor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safiye Ayla
Safiye Ayla (14 July 1907 – 14 January 1998) was one of the most famous singers of Turkish classical music. Early life She was born on 14 July 1907 in Istanbul. Her father, Mısırlı Hicazîzade Hafız Abdullah Bey of Egypt, died before her birth. Her mother, who was a servant at the Imperial Court, died also as she was only three years old. She was sent to the orphanage "Çağlayan Darüleytâmı" in Bebek, where she completed her primary education. Safiye Ayla was then educated at the teacher college in Bursa. She served a brief time as a teacher, however did not continue in her profession. She began her musical education as a piano student. She studied under Mustafa Sunar, and began to sing as a soloist in some of the most important casinos of her time. Career Safiye Ayla worked with some of the most important artists of her time, including Yesari Asım Arsoy, Hafız Ahmet Irsoy, Selahattin Pınar, Sadettin Kaynak and Udi Nevres Bey. She performed for Mustafa Kemal At ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Talaat Pasha
Mehmed Talât (1 September 187415 March 1921), commonly known as Talaat Pasha or Talat Pasha, was an Ottoman Young Turk activist, revolutionary, politician, and convicted war criminal who served as the leader of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1918. He was chairman of the Union and Progress Party, which operated a one-party dictatorship in the Empire; during World War I he became Grand Vizier (prime minister). He has been called the architect of the Armenian genocide, and was responsible for other ethnic cleansings during his time as Minister of Interior Affairs. Talaat was an early member of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), eventually leading its Salonica chapter during the Hamidian era. After the CUP succeeded in restoring the constitution and parliament in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, he was elected as a deputy from Adrianople to the Chamber of Deputies and later became Minister of the Interior. He played an important role in the downfall of Sultan Abdul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Said Halim Pasha
Mehmed Said Halim Pasha (; ; 18 or 28 January 1865 or 19 February 1864 – 6 December 1921) was a writer and statesman who served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1917. He was one of the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide and later assassinated by Arshavir Shirakian as part of Operation Nemesis, a retribution campaign to kill perpetrators of the Armenian genocide. Early life Mehmed Said Halim was born at the palace of Shubra in Cairo, Egypt to , one of the sons of Muhammed Ali Pasha, the founder of the Khedivet of Egypt. He was of Albanian origin. In 1870, he and his family settled in Istanbul. He was educated by private teachers, and learned Arabic, Persian, English, and French. He later studied political science in Switzerland. In 1890 or 1895, he married Emine İnci Tosun, daughter of Mehmed Tosun Pasha. In the late 1890s the Prince Said Halim Pasha Palace in Downtown Cairo was built for him by the Italian architect Antonio Lasciac. Political car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Entry Into World War I
The Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I began on 29 October 1914 when two recently purchased ships of its navy, which were still crewed by German Empire, German sailors and commanded by their German admiral, carried out the Black Sea Raid, a surprise attack against Russian Empire, Russian ports. Russia replied by #declaration, declaring war on 1 November 1914. Russia's allies, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Britain and French Third Republic, France, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November 1914. The reasons for the Ottoman action were not immediately clear. The Ottoman government had declared neutrality in the war and negotiations with both sides were underway. The decision would ultimately lead to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Ottoman citizens, the Armenian genocide, the Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922), dissolution of the empire, and the Abolition of the Caliphate, abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. Background In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surname Law
The Surname Law () of the Republic of Turkey is a law adopted on 21 June 1934, requiring all citizens of Turkey to adopt the use of fixed, hereditary surnames. Prior to 1934, Turkish families in the major urban centres had names by which they were known locally (often ending with the suffixes ''-zade'', ''-oğlu'' or ''-gil''), and were used in similar manner to a surname. The Surname Law of 1934 enforced the use of official surnames but also stipulated that citizens choose Turkish names. Until it was repealed in 2013, the eldest male was the head of household and Turkish law appointed him to choose the surname. However, in his absence, death, or mental incapacitation the wife would do so. Origin Instead of a European style surname, Muslims in the Ottoman Empire carried titles such as "Pasha", "Hoca", " Bey", " Hanım", " Agha", " Effendi". These titles either defined their formal profession (such as Pasha, Hoca, etc.) or their informal status within the society (such as Bey, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (; 1 November 1839 – 21 January 1919) was a prominent Ottoman field marshal and Grand Vizier, who served in the Crimean and Russo-Turkish wars. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as Grand Vizier in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero. Biography Early life and military career Ahmed Muhtar was born on 1 November 1839 to a Turkish family in Bursa in the Ottoman Empireİsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish) and was educated in the Ottoman Military College in Istanbul. His father was merchant Halil Efendi. He eventually became professor and then governor of the school. In 1856, he served as an adjutant during the Crimean War. In 1862, he was a staff officer in the disastrous Montenegrin campaign. Between 1870 and 1871, he quelled rebellions in Yemen. He gained the titles of Pasha and Marshal and, in 1873, was made commander of the Second Army Corps, holding the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed Said Pasha
Mehmed Said Pasha (; 1838–1914), also known as Küçük Said Pasha (; "Said Pasha the Younger") or Şapur Çelebi or in his youth as Mabeyn Başkâtibi Said Bey, was an Ottoman Turkish monarchist, senator, statesman and editor of the Turkish newspaper '' Cerîde-i Havâdis''. He served as grand vizier for nine years in total, seven times during the reign of Abdul Hamid II and twice during the Second Constitutional Monarchy. He was known for his opposition to the extension of foreign influence in the Ottoman Empire.A.g.e. II.995-999. He was among the statesmen who were disliked by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). However, in his last two grand vizierships, Said Pasha was supported by the CUP in the Chamber of Deputies, and his last grand vizierate ended in 1912 with a military memorandum against the Unionists. Early life Mehmed Said was born in Erzurum. His father was Ali Namık Efendi, a foreign minister. According to his contemporary Petre Kharischirash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Senate Of The Ottoman Empire
The Senate of the Ottoman Empire (, or ; ; lit. "Assembly of Notables"; ) was the upper house of the parliament of the Ottoman Empire, the General Assembly. Its members were appointed notables in the Ottoman government who, along with the elected lower house Chamber of Deputies (), made up the General Assembly. It was created in its first incarnation according to the Ottoman constitution of 1876, which sought to reform the Ottoman Empire into a constitutional monarchy. Members of the Senate were selected by the Sultan and their numbers were limited to one-third (1/3) of the membership of the representative Chamber of Deputies. Members and the president of the Senate were designated to be reliable and reputable leaders of the country, required to be at least 40 years old. Furthermore, according to the 62nd clause of the 1876 constitution, government ministers, provincial governors, military commanders, kazaskers, ambassadors, Eastern Orthodox patriarchs, rabbis, and army and n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (, 1862–1918) was an Ottoman statesman, who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire between 1910 and 1911. He also served as the Minister of Education and Internal Affairs and in 1910, managed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Public Works while Grand Vizier. He served as Ottoman ambassador to Germany and to the Kingdom of Italy. Biography İbrahim Hakkı was born to a Turkish family in Istanbul in 1863. His father was Sakızlı Mehmed Remzi Efendi, the President of the Istanbul Municipality Council (''İstanbul Şehremaneti Meclis Reisi''). He graduated from the Mülkiye Mektebi in 1882. In 1884, he became the translator of the Mabeyn-i hümayun. He translated detective novels for Sultan Abdulhamid II. He also gave lectures at the Law and Trade Schools. In 1894, he was appointed as the Legal Counselor of the Sublime Porte (''Hukuk Müşavirliği''). He served as the chairman and member of approximately 30 diplomatic commissions. He was sent to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waqf
A (; , plural ), also called a (, plural or ), or ''mortmain'' property, is an Alienation (property law), inalienable charitable financial endowment, endowment under Sharia, Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets. A charitable trust may hold the donated assets. The person making such dedication is known as a ('donor') who uses a ''mutawalli'' ('trustee') to manage the property in exchange for a share of the revenues it generates. A waqf allows the state to provide social services in accordance with Islamic law while contributing to the preservation of cultural and historical sites. Although the system depended on several hadiths and presented elements similar to practices from pre-Islamic cultures, it seems that the specific full-fledged Islamic legal form of financial endowment, endowment called dates from the 9th century CE (see below ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naqib Al-ashraf
Naqib al-ashraf () (plural: ''nuqaba'' or ''niqabat'') was a governmental post in various Muslim empires denoting the head or supervisor of the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Damurdashi, ed. Muhammad, p. 43. The descendants of Muhammad were known as ''ashraf'' and throughout Islamic history, the ''ashraf'' organized themselves into large groups, akin to corporations, throughout the various Muslim territories. This was done to ensure their special place in Muslim society and thus maintain their socio-political privileges. The office dated back at least to the Mamluk era and was maintained by the Ottoman Empire.Imber and Kiyotaki, p. 198. During the Ottoman era, there was an imperial ''naqib al-ashraf'' who appointed subordinate provincial ''nuqaba al-ashraf''. The appointments were renewed or changed on an annual basis. The official role of the imperial ''naqib al-ashraf'' was to keep updated lists of the ''ashraf'' and to distribute to the provincial ''nuqaba al-ashraf' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
