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Țara Litua
Țara Litua () was a country from around Severin to the Olt River. The first mention of the country was in 1247, when Litovoi was its voivode. Likely established as a voivodate in the early 13th century, Țara Litua resisted Hungarian influence until 1279. After the death of Litovoi in a battle against Hungarians around 1279, his successor, Bărbat, was captured and forced to accept Hungarian suzerainty. This status persisted until 1330, when Basarab secured independence following his decisive victory at the Battle of Posada. After this event, Romanian historiography generally identifies Țara Litua as part of the newly founded state of Wallachia. History Creation Bezerenbam is the earliest possible ruler of Țara Litua. He was mentioned by Rashid al-Din Hamadani in Jami' al-tawarikh (1241), described as the ruler of Ilaut (Oltenia) and defeated by the Mongols alongside Mișelav. d'Ohsson p. 627 - 628. Some historians (such as Alexandru D. Xenopol and Bogdan Petricei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Cyrillic
The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language and Church Slavonic until the 1830s, when it began to be gradually replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet.Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Russian-ruled Bessarabia. From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet. The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881. The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modern Russian alphabet) that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria. Rules The orthographic rules for the Romanian Cyrilic script were relatively inconsistent, especially differing fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basarab I
Basarab I (), also known as Basarab the Founder (; – 1351/1352), was a ''voivode'' and later the first independent ruler of Wallachia who lived in the first half of the . Many details of his life are uncertain. According to two popular theories, Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia, Radu Negru, or in 1310 by succeeding his father, Thocomerius. A royal charter issued on 26 July 1324 is the first document to reference Basarab. According to the charter, he was subject to Charles I of Hungary as the ''voivode'' of Wallachia. Basarab became "disloyal to the Holy Crown of Hungary" in 1325. He seized the Banate of Severin and raided the southern regions of the Kingdom of Hungary. Basarab supported Michael Shishman of Bulgaria's attack against the Kingdom of Serbia, but their united armies were defeated in the Battle of Velbazhd on the 28th of July 1330. Soon after, Charles I of Hungary i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
D'Ohsson
Abraham Constantine Mouradgea d'Ohsson (26 November 1779, in Constantinople – 25 December 1851, in Berlin), was a Swedish historian and diplomat of Armenian descent. He was the son of Ignatius Mouradgea d'Ohsson. His best known work deals with the history of the Mongols from Genghis Khan to Timur. Career Constantine d'Ohsson came to Sweden in 1798, and graduated from the Uppsala University in 1799. That same year he became clerk at the Foreign office and spent 1801–03 as an attaché in Paris, where he occupied himself with researches in Oriental history. He was a legation secretary in Madrid in 1805–06, at the embassy of the Prussian royal court in 1807–08, in Seville (where the Spanish insurrectionary government had its headquarters) in part of 1809, and in Paris, where he served as charge d'affaires from 1811 to 1813. Later he served a term as Cabinet Secretary to Crown Prince Karl Johan, was appointed in 1816 to the Swedish Minister at The Hague, was moved in the sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oltenia
Oltenia (), also called Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions – with the alternative Latin names , , and between 1718 and 1739 – is a historical province and geographical region of Romania in western Wallachia. It is situated between the Danube, the Southern Carpathians and the Olt River, Olt river. History Ancient times Initially inhabited by Dacians, Oltenia was incorporated in the Roman Empire (106, at the end of the Trajan's Dacian Wars, Dacian Wars; ''see Roman Dacia''). In 129, during Hadrian's rule, it formed Dacia Inferior, one of the two divisions of the province (together with Dacia Superior, in today's Transylvania); Marcus Aurelius' administrative reform made Oltenia one of the three new divisions (''tres Daciae'') as Dacia Malvensis, its capital and chief city being named Romula. It was colonized with veterans of the Roman legions. The Romans withdrew their administration south of the Danube at the end of the 3rd century and Oltenia was ruled by the ''fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jami' Al-tawarikh
''Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh'' () is a work of literature and history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate. Written by Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318 AD) at the start of the 14th century, the breadth of coverage of the work has caused it to be called "the first world history". It was in three volumes and published in Arabic and Persian versions. The surviving portions total approximately 400 pages of the original work. The work describes cultures and major events in world history from China to Europe; in addition, it covers Mongol history, as a way of establishing their cultural legacy. The lavish illustrations and calligraphy required the efforts of hundreds of scribes and artists, with the intent that two new copies (one in Persian, and one in Arabic) would be created each year and distributed to schools and cities around the Ilkhanate, in the Middle East, Central Asia, Anatolia, and the Indian subcontinent. Approximately 20 illustrated copies were made of the work during Rashid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rashid Al-Din Hamadani
Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb (; 1247–1318; also known as Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadānī, ) was a statesman, historian, and physician in Ilkhanate Iran."Rashid ad-Din" ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed 11 April 2007. Having converted to from by the age of 30 in 1277, Rashid al-Din became the powerful of Ilkhan Ghazan. He was commissioned by Ghazan to write the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bezerenbam And Mișelav
Bezerenbam (or Bazaram-ban) and Mișelav were the Wallachian (Romanian) leadersXenopol, p. 552.Djuvara, cited article. (the former a " ban" according to Xenopol, Hasdeu and Constantin C. Giurescu) mentioned in 1241, in the Persian chronicle Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (Fazel-Ullah-Raschid). They appear in the context of the Mongol invasion of Europe. The former's army was located in ''Ilaut country'', as the chronicle says: :''In the middle of the spring (1240), the princes crossed the (...) mountains to enter in the country of Bulars and Bashguirds. Orda, who marched on the right, passing through Ilaut country, met (Bezerenbam?) with an army; the latter has been defeated. Cardan and Buri went against the Sassans, and defeated them after three battles. Budjek crossed the mountains of that country in order to enter in Cara-Ulag (probably Transylvania and Wallachia), defeated the Ulags (Vlachs), crossed the (...) mountains, and entered in the country of ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (; ; : , : ) is a historical and geographical region of modern-day Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia was traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). Dobruja could sometimes be considered a third section due to its proximity and brief rule over it. Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections. Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river Olt dates to a charter given to the voivode Seneslau in 1246 by Béla IV of Hungary. In 1417, Wallachia was forced to accept the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; this lasted until the 19th century. In 1859, Wallachia united with Moldavia to form the Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Posada
The Battle of Posada (9–12 November 1330)Djuvara, pp. 19– "''... marea bătălie zisă de la Posada (9–12 noiembrie 1330)''". was fought between Basarab I of Wallachia and Charles I of Hungary (also known as Charles Robert). The small Wallachian army led by Basarab, formed of cavalry and foot archers, as well as local peasants, managed to ambush and defeat the 30,000-strong Hungarian army, in a mountainous region. The battle resulted in a major Wallachian victory. Sălăgean writes that the victory "sanctioned the independence of Wallachia from the Hungarian crown" and altered its international status. Georgescu describes Wallachia as the "first independent Romanian principality." Although the kings of Hungary continued to demand loyalty from the voivodes of Wallachia, Basarab and his successors yielded to them only temporarily in the . Background Some historians claim that the Cumans aided the Wallachians in the battle. Still in the Hungarian army there was a substan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basarab I Of Wallachia
Basarab I (), also known as Basarab the Founder (; – 1351/1352), was a ''voivode'' and later the first independent ruler of Wallachia who lived in the first half of the . Many details of his life are uncertain. According to two popular theories, Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia, Radu Negru, or in 1310 by succeeding his father, Thocomerius. A royal charter issued on 26 July 1324 is the first document to reference Basarab. According to the charter, he was subject to Charles I of Hungary as the ''voivode'' of Wallachia. Basarab became "disloyal to the Holy Crown of Hungary" in 1325. He seized the Banate of Severin and raided the southern regions of the Kingdom of Hungary. Basarab supported Michael Shishman of Bulgaria's attack against the Kingdom of Serbia, but their united armies were defeated in the Battle of Velbazhd on the 28th of July 1330. Soon after, Charles I of Hungary invade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Hungary (1000–1301)
The high medieval Kingdom of Hungary was a regional power in central Europe. It came into existence in Central Europe when Stephen I of Hungary, Stephen I, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was crowned King of Hungary, king in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although all written sources emphasize only the role played by Germans, German and Italians, Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian language, Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion was taken from Slavic languages. Civil wars and pagan uprisings, along with attempts by the Holy Roman emperors to expand their authority over Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary, jeopardized the new monarchy. The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I of Hungary, Ladislaus I (1077–1095) and Coloman I of Hungary, Coloman (1095–1116). These rulers occupied Croatia and Dalmatia with the support of a part of the local population. Bot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voivodeship
A voivodeship ( ) or voivodate is the area administered by a voivode (governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe. Voivodeships have existed since medieval times and the area of extent of voivodeship resembles that of a duchy in western medieval states, much as the title of voivode was equivalent to that of a duke. Other roughly equivalent titles and areas in medieval Eastern Europe included ban (bojan, vojin or bayan) and banate. In a modern context, the word normally refers to one of the provinces () of Poland. , Poland has 16 voivodeships. Terminology A voi(e)vod(e) (literally, "leader of warriors" or "war leader", equivalent to the Latin "''Dux Exercituum''") was originally a military commander who stood, in a state's structure, next to the ruler. Later the word came to denote an administrative official. Words for "voivodeship" in various languages include the ; the ; the ; the Bulgarian: ''voivoda'' (войвода); the Serbian: ''vojvodina'' (в ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
