|
Å¡akkanakku
Shakkanakku (Sumerian language, Sumerian: , GIR.NITA or ''Å¡agina'', , ''Shakkanakku''), was an Akkadian language, Akkadian-language title designating a military governor. Mari, Syria, Mari was ruled by a dynasty of hereditary Shakkanakkus which was originally set by the Akkadian Empire and gained independence following Akkad's collapse. It is considered that the Shakkanakkus gained some form of independence and came to be considered as "Kings" from the time of Apil-Kin. A critical analysis of the Shakkanakku List of Mari has been published. The title is also known around the same time in Elam, where several "Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam" with typically Akkadian names ruled for the Akkadian kings.Translation into French in The title also existed in Qatna in the 14th century BC, and Dilmun under the Kassites. Shakkanakkus under the Akkadians Shakkanakkus, or ''Shagina'' military governors are known from the time of the Akkadian Empire. For example, Sha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ili-Ishar
Ili-Ishar, also Ilum-Ishar (, ''Il3-Ishar''; died 2072 BC), was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of Akkad c. 2085-2072 BCE. His father was Apil-kin, and his brother was Tura-Dagan, who succeeded him. He held the title of Shakkanakku (military governor), which was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned at Mari in the late third millennium and early second millennium BC. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings of Akkad. He was contemporary of the Third Dynasty of Ur The Third Dynasty of Ur or Ur III was a Sumerian dynasty based in the city of Ur in the 22nd and 21st centuries BC ( middle chronology). For a short period they were the preeminent power in Mesopotamia and their realm is sometimes referred to by ..., and probably their vassal. Several brick inscriptions in the name of Ili-Ishar have been found in Mari, describing the building of a canal: On some of his inscriptions, Ili-I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qatna
Qatna (modern: , Tell al-Mishrifeh; also Tell Misrife or Tell Mishrifeh) was an ancient city located in Homs Governorate, Syria. Its remains constitute a tell situated about northeast of Homs near the village of al-Mishrifeh. The city was an important center through most of the second millennium BC and in the first half of the first millennium BC. It contained one of the largest royal palaces of Bronze Age Syria and an intact royal tomb that has provided a great amount of archaeological evidence on the funerary habits of that period. First inhabited for a short period in the second half of the fourth millennium BC, it was repopulated around 2800 BC and continued to grow. By 2000 BC, it became the capital of a regional kingdom that spread its authority over large swaths of the central and southern Levant. The kingdom enjoyed good relations with Mari, but was engaged in constant warfare against Yamhad. By the 15th century BC, Qatna lost its hegemony and came under the authorit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tura-Dagan
Tura-Dagan (, ''Tu-ra- Dda-gan''; died 2050 BC) was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia during the Ur III period. He was son of Apil-Kin, and brother of Ili-Ishar. He held the title of Shakkanakku (military governor), which was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned at Mari in the late third millennium and early second millennium BC. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings of Akkad. He was contemporary of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and probably their vassal. Family He was the son of Iddi-Ilum, and younger brother of Ili-Ishar. His sister Tatum-Urum had married Shulgi of Ur III. He had a son, who succeeded him, named Puzur-Ishtar. Attestations Inscriptions The Museum of the Ancient Orient has a statue of Tura-Dagan, but it is headless and the inscription is heavily damaged. Tura-Dagan is also known from various seals and dynastic lists. A statue of Puzur-Ishtar is known from the Royal Palace of Mari, n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iddi-ilum
Iddi-ilum, also Iddi-El or Iddin-El (, ''i-ti-ilum''; died 2085 BC), was a military governor, or '' Shakkanakku'', of the ancient city-state of Mari in eastern Syria, following the conquest, the destruction and the control of the city by Akkad. Iddi-ilum was contemporary of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and probably their vassal. His headless statue, the '' Statue of Iddi-Ilum'' was discovered at the Royal Palace of Mari during excavations directed by French archaeologist André Parrot. The statue was made of soapstone and bears an inscription identifying the figure and dedicating it to the goddess Ishtar or Inanna. The statue is now displayed at the Musée du Louvre in Paris. The inscription on the statue reads: Statue of Iddi-ilum File:Idi-ilum Louvre AO 19486 n02.jpg, The inscription on the bottom of the statue (front) File:Idi-ilum Louvre AO 19486 n03.jpg, The inscription on the bottom of the statue (back) File:Mari-ki in cuneiform on the statue of Iddi-Ilum.jpg, uprigh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lugal
( Sumerian: ) is the Sumerian term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In Sumerian, ''lú'' " 𒇽" is "man" and ''gal'' " 𒃲" is "great", or "big." It was one of several Sumerian titles that a ruler of a city-state could bear (alongside '' en'' and '' ensi'', the exact difference being a subject of debate). The sign eventually became the predominant logograph for "King" in general. In the Sumerian language, is used to mean an owner (e.g. of a boat or a field) or a head (of a unit such as a family). As a cuneiform logograph (Sumerogram) LUGAL (Unicode: 𒈗, rendered in Neo Assyrian). Cuneiform The cuneiform sign LUGAL 𒈗 (Borger nr. 151, Unicode U+12217) serves as a determinative in cuneiform texts ( Sumerian, Akkadian and Hittite), indicating that the following word is the name of a king. In Akkadian orthography, it may also be a syllabogram ''šà r'', acrophonically based on the Akkadian for "king", ''šarrum''. Unicode also includes the cuneif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apil-kin Inscription (reconstitution)
Apil-kin ( ''a-pil-gin6''; died 2091 BC), was a ruler of the city of Mari, Syria, Mari, northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of Akkadian Empire, Akkad c. 2127-2091 BCE. He was a son of Ishgum-Addu, and ruled 35 years, according to the ''Shakkanakku Dynasty List''. He had two sons, who succeeded him in turn: Ili-Ishar and Tura-Dagan. He held the title of Shakkanakku (military governor), which was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned at Mari, Syria, Mari in the late third millennium and early second millennium BCE. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings of Akkad (city), Akkad. He was contemporary of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and probably their vassal. He was a contemporary of Ur-Nammu. He had a daughter named Taram-Uram, who became the First Queen of king Shulgi of Ur III. In a dedication, she called herself "daughter-in-law of Ur-Nammu", and "daughter of Apil-kin, ''Lugal'' ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a posit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apîl-kîn
Apil-kin ( ''a-pil-gin6''; died 2091 BC), was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of Akkad c. 2127-2091 BCE. He was a son of Ishgum-Addu, and ruled 35 years, according to the ''Shakkanakku Dynasty List''. He had two sons, who succeeded him in turn: Ili-Ishar and Tura-Dagan. He held the title of Shakkanakku (military governor), which was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned at Mari in the late third millennium and early second millennium BCE. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings of Akkad. He was contemporary of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and probably their vassal. He was a contemporary of Ur-Nammu. He had a daughter named Taram-Uram, who became the First Queen of king Shulgi of Ur III. In a dedication, she called herself "daughter-in-law of Ur-Nammu", and "daughter of Apil-kin, ''Lugal'' ("King") of Mari", suggesting for Apil-kin a position as a supreme ruler, and pointing to a marital al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishgum-Addu
Ishgum-Addu or Ishgum-Addad ( ''iš-gum DIŠKUR''), or more probably Ishkun-Dagan ( ''iš-kun Dda-gan''; died 2127 BC), was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia, for eight years c. 2136-2127 BCE, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire. He had a son named Apil-kin Apil-kin ( ''a-pil-gin6''; died 2091 BC), was a ruler of the city of Mari, Syria, Mari, northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of Akkadian Empire, Akkad c. 2127-2091 BCE. He was a son of Ishgum-Addu, and ruled 35 years, according to the ''Shakkanak ..., according to the ''Shakkanakku Dynasty List'', who ruled after him. Ishgum-Addu appears in the ''Shakkanakku Dynasty Lists'' after Ishtup-Ilum. Besides his mention on the Shakkanakku List, no inscriptions are known of him. References {{Early Rulers of Mesopotamia 22nd-century BC monarchs Kings of Mari 3rd-century BC births 22nd-century BC deaths ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishtup-Ilum Statue (front, Wider)
Ishtup-Ilum, also Ishtup-El (, ''Ish-dub-ilum''; died 2136 BC) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as ''Shakkanakku'' in northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of Akkad. He was probably a contemporary with the Second Dynasty of Lagash, around the time of Gudea. He was the son of Ishma-Dagan and brother of Nûr-Mêr, both Shakkanakkus of Mari before him, and, according to the dynastic lists, he ruled after them for a period of 11 years. Attestations He is known from inscriptions mentioning the building of a temple, as well as from a monumental statue, discovered in Mari. Statue of Ishtup-Ilum His statue was discovered by the team of André Parrot on 14 March 1936 in Mari. It has a rather simple and coarse design, a provincial characteristic during this period, and is significantly less sophisticated than the statues of his successors, such as Puzur-Ishtar. The statue is now in the Aleppo National Museum, Syria. File:Ishtup-Ilum excavation in M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nûr-Mêr
Nûr-Mêr, also Niwâr-Mêr ( ''ni-wa-ar-me-er''; died 2148 BC) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as '' Shakkanakku'' in northern Mesopotamia, in the later period of Akkad. According to the dynastic lists, he ruled for 5 years, after his father Ishma-Dagan, and was the fourth Shakkanakku ruler. Nûr-Mêr was probably contemporary with the Akkadian rulers Naram-Sin or Shar-Kali-Sharri. He was succeeded by his brother Ishtup-Ilum as Shakkanakku of Mari. He is also known from four identical inscriptions on bronze votive tablets: The goddess mentioned might have been the Syrian Shalash Shalash (Šalaš) was a Syrian goddess best known as the wife of Dagan, the head of the pantheon of the middle Euphrates area. She was already worshiped in Ebla and Tuttul in the third millennium BCE, and later her cult is attested in Mari as w ..., the wife of Dagan, rather than Mesopotamian Ninhursag, as her name was commonly written logographically a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
