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Šamaš
Shamash (Akkadian language, Akkadian: ''šamaš''), also known as Utu (Sumerian language, Sumerian: dutu "Sun") was the List of Mesopotamian deities, ancient Mesopotamian Solar deity, sun god. He was believed to see everything that happened in the world every day, and was therefore responsible for justice and protection of travelers. As a divine judge, he could be associated with the Ancient Mesopotamian underworld, underworld. Additionally, he could serve as the god of divination, typically alongside the weather god Adad. While he was universally regarded as one of the primary gods, he was particularly venerated in Sippar and Larsa. The Moon God, moon god Nanna (Sumerian deity), Nanna (Sin) and his wife Ningal were regarded as his parents, while his twin sister was Inanna (Ishtar). Occasionally other goddesses, such as Manzat (goddess), Manzat and Pinikir, could be regarded as his sisters too. The dawn goddess Aya (goddess), Aya (Sherida) was his wife, and multiple texts describe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tablet Of Shamash
The Tablet of Shamash (also known as the Sun God Tablet or the Nabuapaliddina Tablet) is a stele recovered from the ancient Babylonian city of Sippar in southern Iraq in 1881; it is now a major piece in the British Museum's ancient Middle East collection and is a visual attestation of Ancient near eastern cosmology, Babylonian cosmology. It is dated to the reign of King Nabu-apla-iddina ca. 888 – 855 Before Christ, BC. Discovery The tablet was discovered during excavations by Hormuzd Rassam between 1878 and 1883. The tablet was found complete but broken into two large and six small pieces. By the time of King Nabopolassar, between 625 and 605 BC, it had broken into four parts and been repaired. The terracotta coffer also contained two clay impressions of the tablets presentation scene. The coffer was sealed under an Bitumen, asphalt temple floor. It has been suggested that the coffer also contained a second tablet as well as a third clay impression (now in the Istanbul Museu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shapash
Shapshu (Ugaritic: 𐎌𐎔𐎌 ''špš'', "sun") or Shapsh, and also Shamshu, was a Canaanite sun goddess. She also served as the royal messenger of the high god El, her probable father. Her most common epithets in the Ugaritic corpus are ''nrt ỉlm špš'' ("Shapshu, lamp of the gods", also translated as "torch" or "luminary" of the gods by various authors), ''rbt špš'' ("great lady Shapshu"), and ''špš ʿlm'' ("eternal Shapshu"). In the pantheon lists KTU 1.118 and 1.148, Shapshu is equated with the Akkadian dšamaš. Name The original name of the goddess contained the consonant /m/, and this consonant appears in some of the Amorite theophoric names mentioning the goddess. In the Middle Bronze Age Alalah, a process of devoicing and denasalization of the consonant /m/ made it, as a result, a /p/; this process is only attested at Middle Bronze Age Alalaḫ and at Late Bronze Age Ugarit. While name in Alalah show a mixture of the forms (Shamshu and Shapshu), in Ugar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sun God Of Heaven
The Sun god of Heaven ( Hittite: nepišaš Ištanu) was a Hittite solar deity. He was the second-most worshipped solar deity of the Hittites, after the Sun goddess of Arinna. The Sun god of Heaven was identified with the Hurrian solar deity, Šimige. From the time of Tudḫaliya III, the Sun god of Heaven was the protector of the Hittite king, indicated by a winged solar disc on the royal seals, and was the god of the kingdom ''par excellence''. From the time of Suppiluliuma I (and probably earlier), the Sun god of Heaven played an important role as the foremost oath god in interstate treaties. As a result of the influence of the Mesopotamian Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia is known as present-day Iraq and forms the eastern geographic boundary o ... Sun god Šamaš, the Sun god of Heaven also gained an important role as the god of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sippar
Sippar (Sumerian language, Sumerian: , Zimbir) (also Sippir or Sippara) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates river. Its ''Tell (archaeology), tell'' is located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah near Yusufiyah in Iraq's Baghdad Governorate, some north of Babylon and southwest of Baghdad. The city's ancient name, Sippar, could also refer to its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum (located at the modern site of Tell ed-Der); a more specific designation for the city here referred to as Sippar was Sippar-Yaḫrurum (Sippar-Jaḫrurum). The name comes from the Amorite Yaḫrurum tribe that lived in the area along with the Amorite Amnanum tribe. In Sippar was the site where the Babylonian Map of the World was found. History While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), Early Dynastic and Akkadian Empire pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maqlû
The Maqlû, “burning,” series is an Akkadian incantation text which concerns the performance of a rather lengthy anti-witchcraft, or ''kišpū'', ritual. In its mature form, probably composed in the early first millennium BC, it comprises eight tablets of nearly a hundred incantations and a ritual tablet, giving incipits and directions for the ceremony. This was performed over the course of a single night in the month of Abu (July/August) when the perambulations of the spirits to and from the netherworld made them especially vulnerable to its spells. It was the subject of a letter from the exorcist Nabû-nādin-šumi and the Assyrian king Esarhaddon Esarhaddon, also spelled Essarhaddon, Assarhaddon and Ashurhaddon (, also , meaning " Ashur has given me a brother"; Biblical Hebrew: ''ʾĒsar-Ḥaddōn'') was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 681 to 669 BC. The third king of the S .... It seems to have evolved from an earlier short-form with only ten incantations t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aya (goddess)
Aya was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with dawn. Multiple variant names were attributed to her in god lists. She was regarded as the wife of Shamash, the sun god. She was worshiped alongside her husband in Sippar. Multiple royal inscriptions pertaining to this city mention her. She was also associated with the ''Nadītu'' community inhabiting it. She is less well attested in the other cult center of Shamash, Larsa, though she was venerated there as well. Additional attestations are available from Uruk, Mari and Assur. Aya was also incorporated into Hurrian religion, and in this context she appears as the wife of Shamash's counterpart Šimige. Names Aya's name was written in cuneiform as '' da-a'' (). It is sometimes romanized as Aia instead. It has Akkadian origin and means " dawn". Sporadically it could be prefixed with the sign NIN, with the variant form Nin-Aya attested in a dedicatory inscription of Manishtushu and in an offering list from Mari. NIN was a gram ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šimige
Šimige was the Hurrian sun god. Known sources do not associate him with any specific location, but he is attested in documents from various settlements inhabited by the Hurrians, from Kizzuwatnean cities in modern Turkey, through Ugarit, Alalakh and Mari in Syria, to Nuzi, in antiquity a part of the kingdom of Arrapha in northeastern Iraq. His character was to a large degree based on his Mesopotamian counterpart Shamash, though they were not identical. Šimige was in turn an influence on the Hittite Sun god of Heaven and Luwian Tiwaz. In Hurrian myths, Šimige is portrayed as one of the allies of Teshub. He plays an active role in the ''Song of Ullikummi'', where he is the first to spot the eponymous monster, and as a result brings the news about his existence to the weather god. Name and character Šimige was a sun god. He was believed to travel through the sky in a chariot drawn by four horses, accompanied by his servants. He was also associated with oracles. It is ag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sun Goddess Of Arinna
The Sun goddess of Arinna, also sometimes identified as Arinniti or as Wuru(n)šemu, is the chief Goddess of Hittite mythology. Her companion is the weather god Tarḫunna. She protected the Hittite kingdom and was called the "Queen of all lands." Her cult centre was the sacred city of Arinna. In addition to the Sun goddess of Arinna, the Hittites also worshipped the Sun goddess of the Earth and the Sun god of Heaven, while the Luwians originally worshipped the old Proto-Indo-European Sun god Tiwaz. It appears that in the northern cultural sphere of the early Hittites, there was no male solar deity. Distinguishing the various solar deities in the texts is difficult since most are simply written with the Sumerogram dUTU (Solar deity). As a result, the interpretation of the solar deities remains a subject of debate. Family and myths The Sun goddess of Arinna and the weather god Tarḫunna formed a pair and together they occupied the highest position in the Hittite state's pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiwaz (Luwian Deity)
Tiwaz (stem: Tiwad-) was the Luwian Sun-god. He was among the most important gods of the Luwians. Name The name of the Proto-Anatolian Sun god can be reconstructed as ''*Diuod-'', which derives from the Proto-Indo-European word '' *dei-'' ("shine", "glow"). This name is cognate with the Greek Zeus, Latin Jupiter, and Norse Tyr. While Tiwaz (and the related Palaic god Tiyaz) retained a prominent role in the pantheon, the Hittite cognate deity, was largely eclipsed by the Sun goddess of Arinna, becoming a god of the day, especially the day of death. In Luwian cuneiform of the Bronze Age, his name appears as ''Tiwad-''. It can also be written with the Sumerogram dUTU ("God-Sun"). In Hieroglyphic Luwian of the Iron Age, the name can be written as ''Tiwad-'' or with the ideogram (DEUS) SOL ("God-Sun"). Tiwaz rarely appears in personal names. The oldest example derives from 19th century BC Kültepe, a person called "Tiwatia". The hieroglyphic Luwian name ("Beloved of Tiwaz") ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sun Goddess Of The Earth
The Sun goddess of the Earth ( Hittite: ''taknaš dUTU'', Luwian: tiyamaššiš Tiwaz) was the Hittite goddess of the underworld. Her Hurrian equivalent was Allani and her Sumerian/Akkadian equivalent was Ereshkigal, both of which had a marked influence on the Hittite goddess from an early date. In the Neo-Hittite period, the Hattian underworld god, Lelwani was also syncretised with her. In Hittite texts, she is referred to as the "Queen of the Underworld" and possesses a palace with a vizier and servants. In the Hittite New Kingdom, she is attested as the mother of two weather gods. The Weather god of Nerik was her son with the god Šulinkatte, while the Weather god of Zippalanda was her son by the . The Sun goddess of the Earth, as a personification of the chthonic aspects of the Sun, had the task of opening the doors to the Underworld. She was said to cleanse all evil, impurity, and sickness on Earth.Piotr Taracha: ''Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia''. Wiesbaden 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šumugan
Šumugan, Šamagan, Šumuqan or Šakkan (𒀭𒄊) was a god worshipped in Mesopotamia and ancient Syria. He was associated with animals. Character Šumugan was a shepherd god. He was associated with various quadrupeds, especially donkeys or alternatively wild sheep. In Ebla he was associated with mules. In literary texts he was also tasked with caring for their habitat and plants growing there. In some texts his epithet is "shepherd of everything." Other known epithets include "god of wool," "god of herd animals," "god of grass-eating animals" and "god of watering places." He was regarded as responsible for prosperity and agricultural fertility, often in connection with grain deities (such as Ezina) and beer deities (such as Ninkasi). The name could also be metaphorically applied to a stallion of a herd. Due to the association between the steppe, where he was believed to dwell, and the netherworld, he sometimes appears in connection with the latter. Texts attesting this conne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
