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Łukasz Opaliński (1612–1666)
Łukasz de Bnin Opaliński (; 1612 – June 15, 1666) was a Polish szlachcic, nobleman, poet, political activist and one of the most important Polish political writers of the 17th century. He was Lord Starost Pobiedziński since 1631, Podkomorzy of Kalisz 1638-1640 and Podkomorzy of Poznań since 1640. He was Court Marshals of the Crown, Court Marshal of the Crown since 1650. He also served as Sejm Marshal, Marshal of the regular Sejm from March 10 to May 1, 1638, in Warsaw. He was the brother of Krzysztof Opaliński. Opaliński was educated at the Lubrański Academy in Poznań, and also at the Old University of Leuven, University of Leuven, the University of Orléans, the University of Strasbourg and the University of Padua. Marriage with Izabela Tęczyńska in 1639 allowed him to inherit the significant estates of the Tęczyński family. Bibliophile himself, just like his brother, he expanded the library inherited from Izabela's uncle, Jan Tęczyński (1581-1637), Jan Tęczy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Łodzia Coat Of Arms
Łodzia (obsolete Polish for "boat") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many noble families of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. A variant serves as the coat of arms of the city of Łódź (the city's name literally means "Boat"). It is a classic example of the so-called '' canting arms'' well known in European heraldry as it was borne by the medieval lords de Łodzia (a feudal lordship) and their clan. Hence the boat in the shield, clearly alluding to the estate's name literally meaning ''Boat''. Coats of Arms in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth were a symbol of a heraldic clan. History ''Łodzia'' is one of the oldest Polish coats of arms. Its earliest appearance (1303) is on a seal belonging to Wojciech of Krośno, Palatine of Kalisz. The first blazon description dates from 1411. The first ''Łodzia'' coat of arms featured a golden letter M on the shield, and a boat in the crest. That version was used by Mikołaj of Łodzia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Orléans
The University of Orléans () is a French university, in the Academy of Orléans and Tours. As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University. History In 1230, when for a time the doctors of the University of Paris were scattered, a number of the teachers and disciples took refuge in Orléans; when pope Boniface VIII, in 1298, promulgated the sixth book of the Decretals, he appointed the doctors of Bologna and the doctors of Orléans to comment upon it. St. Yves (1253–1303) studied civil law at Orléans, and Pope Clement V also studied there law and letters; by a papal bull published at Lyon, 27 January 1306, he endowed the Orléans institutes with the title and privileges of a university. Twelve later popes granted the new university many privileges. In the 14th century it had as many as five thousand students from France, Germany, Lorraine, Burgundy, Champagne, Picardy, Normandy, Touraine, Guyenne and Sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hieronim Radziejowski
Hieronim Radziejowski (1612 — 8 August 1667) was a Polish szlachcic, noble, politician, diplomat, scholar and a military commander. He was the starost, governor of Sochaczew since 1643 and Deputy Chancellor of the Crown, Vice-Chancellor of the Crown between 1650 and 1652. He also served as Sejm Marshal, Marshal of the Sejm from 13 February to 27 March 1645 in Warsaw. He came into conflict with King John II Casimir when he found out that his wife, Elżbieta Słuszka was the King's femme fatale, mistress. Radziejowski started to conspire against the King with the Ottoman Empire, enemies, and as a result was sentenced to infamy and banishment (exile) in 1652 by the Sejm Tribunal. He left Poland for Sweden, and convinced the Swedish to attack the Commonwealth. In 1655, Radziejowski accompanied the Swedish forces during their invasion of Poland in the course of The Deluge (Polish history), The Deluge. He played an important role in persuading the militia (pospolite ruszenie) to surr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vivente Rege
''Vivente rege'' (Latin: "with the king (still) living")Ablatives of present participle '' vivens'' + ''rex'' is a form of monarchical election, where the monarch's successor, usually of the same dynasty, is elected before the death of the incumbent. It was an important element of politics in the Kingdom of Poland during the period when the king was elected by the nobility (the ''szlachta The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social ...''). Some monarchs attempted to push through the elections of their chosen heirs during their lives. The ''szlachta'' resisted these attempts, on the grounds that this form of succession would lead to absolute monarchy. References Latin political words and phrases Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth {{Latin-vocab-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Deluge (Polish History)
The Deluge was a series of mid-17th-century military campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In a wider sense, it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, comprising the Polish theatres of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars. In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Second Northern War (1655–1660) only; in Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge (, Lithuanian: š''vedų tvanas'', ), or less commonly the Russo–Swedish Deluge () due to the simultaneous Russo-Polish War. The term "deluge" (''potop'' in Polish) was popularized by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his novel '' The Deluge'' (1886). During the wars the Commonwealth lost approximately one third of its population as well as its status as a great power due to invasions by Sweden and Russia. According to Professor Andrzej Rottermund, manager of the Royal C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John II Casimir
John II Casimir Vasa (; ; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1648 to his abdication in 1668 as well as a claimant to the throne of Sweden from 1648 to 1660. He was the first son of Sigismund III Vasa with his second wife Constance of Austria. John Casimir succeeded his older half-brother, Władysław IV Vasa. As a prince, John Casimir embarked at Genoa for Spain in 1638 to negotiate a league with Philip IV against France, but was captured by Cardinal Richelieu and imprisoned at Vincennes where he remained for two years. He was released when his brother, Władysław IV, promised never to wage war against France. John Casimir then travelled extensively throughout western Europe and entered the order of Jesuits in Rome in 1643. He was made cardinal by Innocent X, but after returning to Poland, he became a layman and succeeded his brother in 1648. His reign commenced amid the confusion and disasters caused by the great r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberum Veto
The ''liberum veto'' (Latin for "free veto") was a parliamentary device in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was a form of unanimity voting rule that allowed any member of the Sejm (legislature) to force an immediate end to the current session and to nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting either ''Sisto activitatem!'' (Latin: "I stop the activity!") or ''Nie pozwalam!'' ( Polish: "I do not allow!"). The rule was in place from the mid-17th century to the late 18th century in the Sejm's parliamentary deliberations. It was based on the premise that since all of the Polish–Lithuanian noblemen were equal, every measure that came before the Sejm had to be passed unanimously. The ''liberum veto'' was a key part of the political system of the Commonwealth, strengthening democratic elements and checking royal power and went against the European-wide trend of having a strong executive ( absolute monarchy). Many historians hold that the '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty (; , ), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth ( or ''Złota wolność szlachecka'') was a political system in the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Poland and, after the Union of Lublin (1569), in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Under that system, all nobles (''szlachta''), regardless of rank, economic status or their ethnic background were considered to have equal legal status and enjoyed Szlachta privileges, extensive legal rights and privileges. The nobility controlled the legislature (the ''Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sejm''—the parliament) and the Commonwealth's elective monarchy, elected king. Development This political system, unique in Europe, stemmed from the consolidation of power by the ''szlachta'' (nobility, noble class) over other social classes and over the monarchy, monarchical political system. In time, the Szlachta's privileges, ''szlachta'' accumulated enough privil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladislaus IV Vasa
Vladislav ( (', '); , ; Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, sh-Cyrl, Владислав, ) is a male given name of Slavic origin. Variations include ''Volodislav'', ''Vlastislav'' and ''Vlaslav''. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Croatia, the common variation is Ladislav. Outside of Slavic and Eastern Romance countries, it is sometimes latinized as either ''Vladislaus'' or ''Vladislas''. Spanish forms include ''Ladislao'' and ''Uladislao''. The Portuguese and Romanian forms are ''Ladislau''. The Hungarian form is László. In Russian-speaking countries, it is usually colloquially shortened to either ''Vlad'' (Влад) or ''Vladik'' (Владик). The feminine form of the name Vladislav is Vladislava or, in Polish spelling, ''Władysława''. Origin The name Vladislav literally means 'one who owns a glory', or simply 'famous'. It is a composite name derived from two Slavic roots: ''Vlad-'', meaning either 'to own' (Ukrainian ''volodity'' [] means 'to own', Poli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Election Sejm
Election sejm (; ) was one of three kinds of special general sejm in pre-partition Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Upon vacancy of the throne, the election sejm, meeting at Wola outside Warsaw, elected a new king. Any hereditary nobleman could vote in the Election Parliament, if present. Often close to 100,000 nobles came to those sejms. The other two kinds of special sejm—likewise concerned with the filling of the throne—were the " convocation sejm" and the " coronation sejm." References Further reading * See also * Royal elections in Poland Royal elections in Poland ( Polish: ''wolna elekcja'', lit. ''free election'') were the elections of individual kings, rather than dynasties, to the Polish throne. Based on traditions dating to the very beginning of the Polish statehood, streng ... Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth {{Europe-election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Tęczyński (1581-1637)
Jan Tęczyński may refer to: * Jan Tęczyński (1581–1637), ''voivode'' of Kraków (1620–1637), Cup-Bearer of the Crown in 1618 * Jan Tęczyński (died 1405), member of the Tęczyński family, starost and castellan of Kraków * Jan Tęczyński (died 1470), member of the Tęczyński family, castellan of Kraków, voivode of Kraków and Lublin * Jan Tęczyński (1485–1553), Chamberlain and voivode of Sandomierz, Castellan and governor of Lublin, Speaker of the court of the Crown, Castellan of Wojnicki, and Count of the Holy Roman Empire [Baidu] |
Bibliophile
A bookworm or bibliophile is an individual who loves and frequently reads or collects books. Bibliophilia or bibliophilism is the love of books. Bibliophiles may have large, specialized book collections. They may highly value old editions, autographed copies, or illustrated versions. Bibliophilia is distinct from bibliomania, a compulsive obsession to collect books which can affect interpersonal relationships or health. The term "bibliophile" has been in use since 1820 and has been associated with historical figures like George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer, Lord Spencer and J.P. Morgan, who were known for their extensive book collections. Profile The classic bibliophile loves to read, admires and collects books, and often amasses a large and specialized collection. Bibliophiles usually possess books they love or that hold special value, as well as old editions with unusual bindings, autographed, or illustrated copies. "Bibliophile" is an appropriate term for a minority of those w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
