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İslâm I Giray
İslâm I GirayCrimean Tatar language, Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (?–1537) was for five months 1532 Khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was preceded and followed his uncles Saadet I Girai (1524–1532) and Sahib I Giray (1532–1551). His father was Mehmed I Giray (1515–1523). Islam spent most of his life (1524–1537) trying to take the throne from his uncles. He was once Khan and twice Kalga (title), Kalga or designated heir and co-ruler. He revolted three times, twice almost captured the khanship and once partitioned the Khanate between himself and his uncle. When not in Crimea he lived with the Nogai nomads. Life In 1523 his over-ambitious father, Mehmed I Girai was killed by the Nogais at Astrakhan. The Nogais then invaded Crimea and withdrew with their loot. During the raid Islam was captured. The khanship passed to Mehmed's oldest surviving son Ğazı I Giray (1523–24), but the nobles and Turks soon replaced him with Mehmed's brother Saadet I Girai. Islam was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Crimean Khans
The Crimean Khanate was a state which existed in present-day southern Ukraine from 1441 until 1783. The position of Khan in Crimea was electoral and was picked by beys from four of the most noble families (also known as Qarachi beys: Argyns, Kipchaks, Shirins, and Baryns) at kurultai where the decision about a candidate was adopted.Giray - Khan dynasty of Crimea Khan's Palace website (unavailable currently). The newly elected Khan was raised on a white felt sheet and over him were read Islamic prayers, after that the Khan was triumphantly enthroned. List The following is the chronological table of reigns of Khan (title), Khans of the Crimean Khanate from the Giray dynasty:References < ...
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Kalga (title)
Kalga ( , ka, კალგა) was the highest ranked official after the khan in the hierarchy of the Crimean Khanate. The title of kalga was introduced Law and Division of Power in the Crimean Khanate (1532-1774): With Special Reference to the Reign of Murad Giray (1678-1683), by Natalia Królikowska-Jedlińska, 2018, publisher BRILL, ISBN 9004384324, 9789004384323 in 1486 by Meñli I Giray for his son Mehmed Geray in order to establish a firm order of succession to the throne. Prior to that, power in the Golden Horde was inherited by a senior member of the khan's family, which led to endless strife. This may have been Mengli's intention, but in later reigns the khanship usually went to one of the khan's relatives without much regard to who had been kalga. The khan, kalga and nureddin were always members of the Giray clan. From an early date the khans were confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan. From the seventeenth century khans were increasingly installed and removed by the Turk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nogais
The Nogais ( ) are a Kipchaks, Kipchak people who speak a Turkic languages, Turkic language and live in Southeastern Europe, North Caucasus, Volga region, Central Asia and Turkey. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Dobruja (Romania and Bulgaria), Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and a small Nogai diaspora is found in Jordan. They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongols, Mongolic and Turkic peoples, Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde. There are eight main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai, the Karagash, the Kuban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars, Bug-Nogai, and the Yurt-Nogai. Name Their name comes from their eponymous founder, Nogai Khan ( 'dog' in Mongolian language, Mongolian), a grandson of Jochi. Nogai (d. 1299–1300) was de facto ruler, kingmaker, and briefly self-proclaimed khan of the Golden Horde. Geographic distr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perekop
Perekop ( Ukrainian & Russian: Перекоп; ; ) is a village located on the Perekop Isthmus connecting the Crimean peninsula to the Ukrainian mainland. It is known for the Or Qapi fortress, which served as the gateway to Crimea. The village currently is part of Armiansk Municipality. Population: Name The original name was of the Greek settlement of ''Taphros'' () which means a dug-out locality. The people were called Taphrians () Thereafter it was known by the equivalent name of ''Or Qapı'' in the Crimean Tatar language meaning ''Or'' - trench and ''Qapı'' - gate. In the Middle Ages, Perekop was known as Tuzla. Subsequently, it was known as ''Perekop'' in the Slavic languages, which literally means an over-dug locality. History Due to its key position, Perekop has endured many sieges. During the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739), Russian field marshal Burkhard Christoph von Munnich successfully stormed the fortifications on June 17, 1736 and left the Tatar fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirza (noble)
Mirza ( or ; ) is a multi-ethnic name of Persian language, Persian origin. It is used as a surname or prefix to identify patriarchal lineage. It is derived from the term (, ). It is a historical royal and noble title, denoting the rank of a Prince of the Blood, royal prince, Nobleman, high nobleman, distinguished military commander, or a scholar. Specifically, it was used as a title by (and today signifies patriarchal lineage to) the various Persian Empires, the Nogai Horde, Shirvanshahs and Circassians of the European Caucasus, the Mughal dynasty, Mughals / Moguls of the Indian Subcontinent. It was also a title bestowed upon members of the highest aristocracies in Tatars, Tatar states, such as the Khanates of Khanate of Kazan, Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate, Astrakhan. Etymology Mirzadeh The original title or is derived from the Persian term which literally means 'child of the Mīr' or 'child of the ruler'. in turn consists of the Arabic title (English: ''Emir''), meaning 'c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khanate
A khanate ( ) or khaganate refers to historic polity, polities ruled by a Khan (title), khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Mongol and Turkic peoples, Turkic or Tatars, Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe, and politically equivalent in status to chiefdom, kinship-based chiefdoms and Feudalism, feudal Monarchy, monarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organised Tribe, tribally, where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects, gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate, a khaganate, the realm of a khagan, was a Nomadic empire, large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan, translating as "Khan of the Khans", roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor. Mongol khanates Mongol Empire (1206–1368) The Mongol Empire was the largest steppe nomadic Khaganate as well as List of largest empires, second largest empire and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chufut-Kale
__NOTOC__ Chufut-Kale ( ; Russian and Ukrainian: Чуфут-Кале - ''Chufut-Kale''; Karaim: Кала - קלעה - ''Kala'') is a medieval city-fortress in the Crimean Mountains that now lies in ruins. It is a national monument of Crimean Karaites culture just east of Bakhchysarai. Its name is Crimean Tatar and Turkish for "Jewish Fortress" (''çufut/çıfıt'' - Jew, ''qale/kale'' - fortress), while Crimean Karaites refer to it simply as "Fortress", considering the place as a historical center for the Crimean Karaite community. In the Middle Ages the fortress was known as ''Qırq Yer'' (Place of Forty) and as Karaites to which sect the greater part of its inhabitants belong, ''Sela' ha-Yehudim'' (Hebrew for 'Rock of the Jews'). Name versions * Чуфут-Кале (Russian or Ukrainian transliteration: Chufut Kale) is mentioned in the Soviet scientific literature, as well as in the works of Karaite authors in the Russian language from the second half of the 19th century to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ğazı I Giray
Ğazı I Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (1504–1524, ruled 1523–24) was for six months khan of the Crimean khanate. He was preceded by his father Mehmed I Giray Mehmed I Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (1465–1523, reigned 1515–1523) was khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was preceded by his father Meñli I Giray (r. 1478–1515) and followed by his son Ğazı I Giray (1523–1524). He gained ... (r. 1515–1523) and was followed by his uncle Saadet I Girai (r. 1524–1532). He was enthroned after his father's murder and was executed by his uncle. In the nine years following Mehmed's death the throne was contested Mehmed's sons Gazi and Islam and his brothers Saadet and Sahib until Mehmed's brother Sahib I Giray (1532–1551) achieved a long reign. In 1523 his father Mehmed took over the Khanate of Astrakhan and placed Gazy's brother Bakhadyr on the throne. Mehmed's Nogai allies, fearing his growing power, killed him and Bakhadyr. Gazy and his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed I Giray
Mehmed I Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (1465–1523, reigned 1515–1523) was khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was preceded by his father Meñli I Giray (r. 1478–1515) and followed by his son Ğazı I Giray (1523–1524). He gained control of the steppe nomads, put his brother on the throne of Kazan and was killed after taking Astrakhan. As kalga As his father's kalga or designated successor and co-ruler, he participated in a number of raids northward. In 1505 he and his father raided what is now Belarus. In 1507 they advanced toward Russia, but turned back on learning of a Nogai raid on Crimea. Mehmed fell from his horse and became ill. The force returned to Crimea. In 1509 the Nogais planned to attack Crimea. Mehmed and a very large army defeated them as they were crossing the Volga. Much booty was taken. In 1510 he was also successful against the Nogais. In 1512 he raided Russia but was driven back by troops from Ryazan. In 1514 he was driven back from the Severi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saadet I Girai
Saadet I Giray Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish and (1492–1538) was Khan of the Crimean Khanate (reigned 1524–1532). He was pro- Ottoman and a competent ruler. He followed Ğazı I Giray (1523–24) and was followed by İslâm I Giray (1532). Service in Turkey (1512–1524) He was one of the eight sons of Crimean Khan Mengli Giray (reigned 1478–1515). Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512), late in his reign, faced rebellions of his two sons, Şehzade Ahmed and Şehzade Selim. One of Selim's consort was Ayşe Hatun, a daughter of Mengli Giray. In 1511 or 1512 Mengli sent troops under his son Saadet to aid his son-in-law. Selim won and replaced his father. Saadet suppressed revolts in Anatolia, and maybe married Gevherhan Sultan, a daughter of Selim and was an ally of both Selim I the Grim (r. 1512–1520) and his son Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566). He had a son, maybe by Gevherhan, Ahmed Pasha. Khan 1524–1532 When Saadet's brother Mehmed I was kille ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish (, ; ) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard. The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language ( or ); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era ( and ). More generically, the Turkish language was called or "Turkish". History Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras: * (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimean Tatar Language
Crimean Tatar (), also called Crimean (), is a Turkic languages, Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar language, Tatar, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; Crimean Tatar has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz languages and is mutually intelligible with them to varying degrees. A long-term ban on the study of the Crimean Tatar language following the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government has led to the fact that at the moment UNESCO ranks the Crimean Tatar language among the languages under serious threat of extinction (''severely endangered''). However, according to the A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, due to negative situations, the real degree of the threat has elevated to critically endangered in recent years, which are highl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
