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Ä°mren Aykut
İmren Aykut (born 1940) is a Turkish female economist, trade unionist, politician and former government minister. Early years Aykut was born to Evket Şadi and his wife Emine in Kozan, Adana, Turkey in 1940. She finished the primary education st Atatürk Elementary School, and the middle education at Adana Girls' High School. She studied at the Faculty of Economics in Istanbul University graduating in 1964. Aykut specialized in "Employer-Employee relations", "Industrial relations" and Trade unionism at the University of Oxford in England. She completed a programme on "Executive Participation of Workers" at the University of Oslo in Norway. She also conducted research on "Arbitration and Mediation" in the United States, "Structure of Workers' Unions and Training of Workers" in England. Further, she carried out various researches and studies at the Confederation of Union and the Department of Labour in the United Kingdom. She received a PhD degree from Istanbul University wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Environment And Urban Planning (Turkey)
The Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change () is a government ministry of the Republic of Turkey, responsible for the environment, public works, and urban planning in Turkey. The ministry is headed by Murat Kurum. History The Ministry was formed in 1983 through the merger of the Ministry of Public Works (, formed 3 May 1920) and the Ministry of Development and Housing (, formed 1958). The result was the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (), which was renamed to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation in 2011. In 2021 climate change was added to the name. Responsibilities A publication in the ''Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey'' on 3 April 2012 reduced the fire safety inspection rights of municipal fire brigades, transferring all matters requiring interpretation or clarification to the Turkish Ministry of Environment. The ministry is responsible for combating environmental issues in Turkey. A National Environment Agency was established in 202 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Industrial Relations
Industrial relations or employment relations is the multidisciplinary academic field that studies the employment relationship; that is, the complex interrelations between employers and employees, labor union, labor/trade unions, employer organizations, and the state. The newer name, "Employment Relations" is increasingly taking precedence because "industrial relations" is often seen to have relatively narrow connotations. Nevertheless, industrial relations has frequently been concerned with employment relationships in the broadest sense, including "non-industrial" employment relationships. This is sometimes seen as paralleling a trend in the separate but related discipline of human resource management. While some scholars regard or treat industrial/employment relations as synonymous with employee relations and labour relations, this is controversial, because of the narrower focus of employee/labour relations, i.e. on employees or labour, from the perspective of employers, man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
46th Government Of Turkey
The 46th government of Turkey (December 21, 1987 – November 9, 1989) was a government in the history of Turkey. It is also known as ''the second Özal government''. Background Motherland Party (ANAP) won the elections held on November 29, 1987. Turgut Özal, the leader of ANAP, who was also the prime minister of the previous government, founded the government. The government In the list below, the serving period of cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column "Notes". Aftermath On 31 October 1989, Turgut Özal was elected the president of Turkey. According to the constitution, he left the office of prime minister. After a brief period during which Ali Bozer was the acting prime minister, the new government was founded by Yıldırım Akbulut Yıldırım Akbulut (; 2 September 1935 – 14 April 2021) was a Turkish politician, who was a leader of the Motherland Party (ANAP), the Prime Minister of Turkey, and twice the Speak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1999 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on Sunday, 18 April 1999. For the first time, local, council and parliamentary elections were held on the same day. Bülent Ecevit's Democratic Left Party (DSP) had been soaring in popularity after the capture of Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan, emerged as the biggest party and swept the board in most of Turkey's western provinces. It failed, however, to obtain an overall majority, and did not do nearly as well in the eastern provinces. The second largest party (dubbed "the second winner" by the press the following day) became the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), which performed strongly nationwide, producing MPs from nearly all of the country's 81 provinces. The largest party of the last election, the Virtue Party (FP), returned to opposition after shedding forty-seven seats and a million votes. The decline of the Republican People's Party continued; this was the first and the only time in the history of the republi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1995 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on Sunday 24 December 1995, triggered by the newly re-established Republican People's Party's (CHP) withdrawal from a coalition government with the True Path Party (DYP). The coalition had been in government for four years, having been formed by the Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey), Social Democratic Populist Party, the CHP's predecessor. The elections inaugurated a 550-member parliament, its largest membership. The religious Welfare Party (RP) had the largest membership but not a majority standing in the body. The Democratic Left Party (Turkey), Democratic Left Party (DSP) also made significant gains at the expense of the CHP, which barely crossed the election barrier. The election was also the first time an openly Kurdish party – the People's Democracy Party (Turkey), People's Democracy Party – contested. It was the leading party in several provinces, but won no seats due to failing to cross the 10% electoral threshold. Backgro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1991 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on 20 October 1991, to elect members to the 19th Grand National Assembly. It was the first by the ruling Motherland Party to be contested without its founding leader, Turgut Özal, who had become Turkish president two years previously. The result was a swing against Özal's former party in favour of its fierce centre-right rival, the True Path Party led by Süleyman Demirel. The vote saw two additional parties cross the 10 percent barrier to enter parliament. Necmettin Erbakan and his Welfare Party saw a party of religious background returned for the first time in 14 years. Welfare had a greatly increased share of the vote and took several key provinces, including Istanbul in 1994 local elections. Bülent Ecevit's Democratic Left Party also scraped through to win seven seats. Voter turnout was 83.9%. Background The diversification of the communication tools in the 1980s and 1990s affected political campaigns. One feature that distingu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1987 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on 29 November 1987. Prior to the elections, the military junta's restrictions on former politicians were lifted, allowing them to re-enter politics. However, only three political parties were approved by the junta to participate in the election. Despite a reduction in its share of the vote, the Motherland Party retained its majority in parliament, gaining 81 seats. Voter turnout was 93.3%. The elections saw the return of the religious oriented base of Necmettin Erbakan and the symbol names of the politics in the 1970s, Bülent Ecevit and Süleyman Demirel. Bülent Ecevit led the Democratic Left Party as the Republican People's Party was closed down after the coup of 1980. Süleyman Demirel founded the True Path Party to challenge the power of Turgut Özal on conservative liberal votes. The elections were marked by harsh restrictions on televised publicity for the opposition parties. Unlike the 1983 elections, there was no televised deba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationalist Democracy Party
Nationalist Democracy Party (, MDP) was a political party in Turkey. Background About one year after the coup of 1980, all political parties were closed by the military regime, or the so-called National Security Council or () regardless of their political views, on 16 October 1981. For approximately one and half year, there were no legalised political parties. Finally, MGK decided to allow the formation of new parties with severe restrictions on their activities. National Democracy Party was the first party to be founded in 1983. History The party was founded by 44 individuals on 16 May 1983. The president of the party was Turgut Sunalp (1917-1999), a retired general who had also been Turkish ambassador to Canada between 1976-1983. MGK permitted only three parties to participate in the elections held on 6 November 1983. Contrary to expectations National Democracy Party could receive only 23.3% and became the smallest party in the parliament. The support further dropped to 7.1% ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Advisory Parliament Of Turkey
The Advisory Parliament existed from 15 October 1981 to 6 November 1983. It was established by the military rule of 1980 Turkish coup d'état. 120 MPs were representatives of the provinces and 40 MPs were appointed by the military rule. Main parliamentary milestones Some of the important events in the history of the parliament are the following:Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı; Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul Background: Between the 16th term and the Advisory Parliament *13 September 1980 – Following the coup, Kenan Evren became the head of the state (president). Military rule (MGK) replaced the parliament *21 September – Bülent Ulusu formed the 44th government of Turkey *27 October 1980 – Provisional constitution *30 June 1981 – Military rule (MGK) which exercised legislation passed law about the advisory parliament *15 October 1981 – The names of the Advisory parliament MPs were announced *16 October 1981 – All former political parties were closed by the military rule Duri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ÅžiÅŸecam
Şişecam (official name: Türkiye Şişe ve Cam Fabrikaları) is a Turkish glass manufacturing company. In the 2020 fiscal year, the company operated 43 plants in 14 countries. In terms of production capacity, Şişecam is the largest flat glass manufacturer in Europe and the world's second-largest manufacturer of glass household goods such as drinking glasses according to its own estimates. The product range is supplemented by the production of packaging glass. The company is part of the BIST 100 index of the 100 largest companies listet on the Istanbul stock exchange by market capitalization. Around 50% of shares are owned by İşbank. Şişecam owns the Paşabahçe chain of retail glassware and homeware stores. History The company was founded following a decision by the Council of Ministers, which Kemal Atatürk was behind, in 1934. This decision entrusted Türkiye İş Bankası with the task of developing the Turkish glass industry. The following year, the company Tür ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and labour rights, rights for workers. The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong. A collective agreement reached by these negotiations functions as a Labor and employment law, labour contract between an employer and one or more unions, and typically establishes terms regarding wage scales, working hours, training, health and safety, overtime, Grievance (labour), grievance mechanisms, and rights to participate in workplace or company affairs. Such agreements can also include 'productivity bargaining' in which workers agree to changes to working practices in return for higher pay or greater job security. The union may negotiate with a single employer (who is typically representing a company's s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doctor Of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of Postgraduate education, graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North American English, North America), pronounced as three separate letters ( ). The University of Oxford uses the alternative abbreviation "DPhil". PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a Thesis, dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist. Definition In the context o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
