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établissement Public à Caractère Industriel Et Commercial
An établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial (, EPIC; ) is, in France, a category of public undertaking. It includes state-controlled entities of an industrial or commercial nature, including some research institutes and infrastructure operators. Some former French colonies, such as Algeria, Burkina Faso and Mauritania also use this term for such agencies. EPICs were first recognized as a specific form of public agencies by the Court of Arbitration's (French: ''Tribunal des conflits'') case law in 1921. In accordance with Article 34 of the French Constitution, they can only be created by a law. Not every company whose capital is held by the state or a state-owned entity is an EPIC. An EPIC is under special laws which do not apply to enterprises under private company law, even if the capital of those companies is held by the state. List of EPICs Current * Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs (Andra) * Airport Basel-Mulhouse * Commissariat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laboratoire National De Métrologie Et D'essais
The French Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing) is a reference laboratory responsible for carrying out measurement and testing products of all kinds for their certification for placing them on the market. It also coordinates metrology activities in France. It was previously known as the Laboratoire national d'essais (LNE), and still uses those initials. Originally established in 1901, it is now a state-owned enterprise, and operates as an établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial, a French type of state-controlled entity of an industrial or commercial nature. Its headquarters is located in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. Early history When the Metre Convention was signed in Paris in 1875, it was at the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM) that the main verifications of weights and measures attributed to foreign governments were carried out, as they adopt the metric system. Nevertheless, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Électricité De France
Électricité de France SA (; ), commonly known as EDF, is a French multinational corporation, multinational electric utility company owned by the government of France. Headquartered in Paris, with €139.7 billion in sales in 2023, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of at least 120 gigawatts of generation capacity in Europe, South America, North America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. In 2009, EDF was the world's largest producer of electricity. Its 56 active nuclear reactors in France are spread out over 18 sites (18 nuclear power plants). They comprise 32 reactors of 900 MWe, MWe, 20 reactors of 1,300 MWe, MWe, and 4 reactors of 1,450 MWe, all Pressurized water reactor, PWRs. EDF was created on 8 April 1946 by the 1945 parliament, from the merging of various divided actors. EDF led France's post-war energy growth, with a unique focus on civil nuclear energy, through reconstruction and further industrialization within the ''Trente Glorieuses'', being a flagship of France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voies Navigables De France
(, VNF, ) is the French navigation authority responsible for the management of the majority of France's inland waterways network and the associated facilities—towpaths, Dock (maritime), commercial and Marina, leisure ports, lock-keeper's houses and other structures. VNF was established in 1991 and took over the responsibility for all waterways from the National Office of Navigation () in 1993. It is a public body and is under the control of the Minister of the Environment (France), Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Territorial Development (). The headquarters of VNF are in Béthune, Pas-de-Calais with local offices throughout France. French waterways network The French natural and man-made waterways network is the largest in Europe extending to over of which VNF manages the navigable sections. The assets managed by VNF comprise of waterways, made up of of canals and of navigable rivers, 494 dams, 1595 Lock (water transport), locks, 74 Aqueduct (wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Réseau Ferré National (France)
In France, the Réseau Ferré National (RFN) is made up of Rail transport, railroad lines and infrastructure belonging to the Politics of France, French state, and assigned to SNCF Réseau. The SNCF, Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF) was responsible for the network from January 1, 1983, when it was set up as an "''établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial''" (EPIC), until February 13, 1997, on the basis of the network conceded by the State, which had built it up since 1938 from the networks of the former major railway companies. From February 13, 1997, to December 31, 2014, the national rail network belonged to the EPIC ''Réseau Ferré de France, Réseau ferré de France'' (RFF), with maintenance and operation delegated to SNCF. On January 1, 2015, following the demise of RFF, the network became the property of SNCF Réseau, which manages and operates it directly. In 2020, it will become the property of the French State, while remaining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
