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Þjóðólfr Arnórsson
Þjóðólfr Arnórsson (Old Norse: ; Modern Icelandic: ; Modern Norwegian: ) was an 11th-century Icelandic people, Icelandic skáld, who spent his career as a court poet to the Monarchy of Norway, Norwegian kings Magnus the Good and Harald Hardrada and is thought to have died with the latter at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066. Life Þjóðólfr was born in approximately 1010Lee M. Hollander, "Thiódólf Arnórsson", ''The Skalds: A Selection of their Poems, with Introduction and Notes'', The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1945, repr. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, 1947, , pp. 189–97, p. 189. in Svarfaðardalur, where his father was a poor farmer.Jan de Vries (linguist), Jan de Vries, ''Altnordische Literaturgeschichte'' Volume 1 ''Vorbemerkungen - Die heidnische Zeit - Die Zeit nach der Bekehrung bis zur Mitte des zwölften Jahrhunderts'', Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 15, [1941], 2nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1964, , p. 269 A rival skáld, Sneglu- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Norse
Old Norse, also referred to as Old Nordic or Old Scandinavian, was a stage of development of North Germanic languages, North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their Viking expansion, overseas settlements and chronologically coincides with the Viking Age, the Christianization of Scandinavia, and the consolidation of Scandinavian kingdoms from about the 8th to the 15th centuries. The Proto-Norse language developed into Old Norse by the 8th century, and Old Norse began to develop into the modern North Germanic languages in the mid- to late 14th century, ending the language phase known as Old Norse. These dates, however, are not precise, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century. Old Norse was divided into three dialects: Old West Norse (Old West Nordic, often referred to as ''Old Norse''), Old East Norse (Old East Nordic), and Old Gutnish. Old West Norse and O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flateyjarbók
''Flateyjarbók'' (; "Book of Flatey, Breiðafjörður, Flatey") is an important medieval Iceland, Icelandic manuscript. It is also known as GkS 1005 fol. and by the Latin name ''Codex Flateyensis''. It was commissioned by Jón Hákonarson and produced by the priests and scribes Jón Þórðarson and Magnús Þórhallsson. Description ''Flateyjarbók'' is the largest medieval Icelandic manuscript, comprising 225 written and illustrated vellum leaves. It contains mostly sagas of the Norse kings as found in the ''Heimskringla'', specifically the sagas about Olaf Tryggvason, Olaf II of Norway, St. Olaf, Sverre I of Norway, Sverre, Hákon the Old, Magnus the Good, and Harald Hardrada. But they appear here expanded with additional material not found elsewhere (some of it being very old) along with other unique differences. Most—but not all—of the additional material is placed within the royal sagas, sometimes interlaced. Additionally, the manuscript contains the only copy of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refrain
A refrain (from Vulgar Latin ''refringere'', "to repeat", and later from Old French ''refraindre'') is the Line (poetry)">line or lines that are repeated in poetry or in music">poetry.html" ;"title="Line (poetry)">line or lines that are repeated in poetry">Line (poetry)">line or lines that are repeated in poetry or in music—the "chorus" of a song. Poetry, Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, and the sestina. In popular music, the refrain or chorus may contrast with the Verse (popular music), verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically; it may assume a higher level of dynamics and activity, often with added instrumentation. Chorus form, or strophic form, is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one formal section or block played repeatedly. Usage in history Although repeats of refrains may use different words, refrains are made recognizable by reusing the same melody (whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnórr Jarlaskáld
Arnórr Þórðarson jarlaskáld (''Poet of Earls'') (c. 1012 – 1070s) was an Icelandic skald A skald, or skáld (Old Norse: ; , meaning "poet"), is one of the often named poets who composed skaldic poetry, one of the two kinds of Old Norse poetry in alliterative verse, the other being Eddic poetry. Skaldic poems were traditionally compo ..., son of Þórðr Kolbeinsson. Arnórr travelled as a merchant and often visited the Orkney Islands where he composed poems for the Earls, receiving his byname. For king Magnus the Good, he composed ''Hrynhenda''. He also composed memorial poems for Magnus the Good and Haraldr harðráði. He is considered one of the major skalds of the 11th century. See also * List of Icelandic writers * Icelandic literature ReferencesArnórr jarlaskáld : HrynhendaText of the poem with short notes on the poet in Norwegian. {{DEFAULTSORT:Arnorr jarlaskald Icelandic male poets 1010s births 1070s deaths 11th-century Icelandic poets ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Helganes
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish. The word "battle" can also be used infrequently to refer to an entire operational campaign, although this usage greatly diverges from its conventional or customary meaning. Generally, the word "battle" is used for such campaigns if referring to a protracted combat encounter in which either one or both of the combatants had the same methods, resources, and strategic objectives throughout the encounter. Some prominent examples of this would be the Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, and the Battle of France, all in World War II. Wars and military campaigns are guided by military strategy, whereas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olaf II Of Norway
Saint Olaf ( – 29 July 1030), also called Olaf the Holy, Olaf II, Olaf Haraldsson, and Olaf the Stout or "Large", was List of Norwegian monarchs, King of Norway from 1015 to 1028. Son of Harald Grenske, a petty king in Vestfold, Norway, he was posthumously given the title ''Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae'' () and canonised at Nidaros (Trondheim) by Bishop Grimketel, one year after his death in the Battle of Stiklestad on 29 July 1030. His remains were enshrined in Nidaros Cathedral, built over his burial site. His sainthood encouraged the widespread adoption of Christianity by Scandinavia's Vikings/Norsemen. Pope Alexander III confirmed Olaf's local canonisation in 1164, making him a recognised saint of the Catholic Church, and Olaf started to be known as ''Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae'' – ''eternal king of Norway''. Following the Reformation, he was a commemorated historical figure among some members of the Lutheranism, Lutheran and Anglican Communions. The saga of Olav Haraldsson an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GarðarÃki
(anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike) or was the Old Norse term used in the Middle Ages for the lands of Rus'_people, Rus'. According to ''Göngu-Hrólfs saga'', the name (also used as a name for Novgorod Land, Novgorodian Rus') was synonymous with ', and these names were used interchangeably in several other Old Norse stories. As the Varangians dealt mainly with the northern lands of Rus', their sagas regard the city of (usually identified with Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod) as the capital of . Other important places of mentioned in the sagas that have generally been identified with well known historical towns are (Staraya Ladoga, Ladoga), (Kyiv, Kiev), (Polotsk), (Smolensk), (Suzdal), (Murom), and (Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast, Rostov). At least seven of the Varangian runestones, Gotland Runic Inscription 114, G 114, N 62, Sö 148, Södermanland Runic Inscription 338, Sö 338, Veda Runestone, U 209, U 636, and Öl 28, refer to Scandinavian men who had been in . Etymology T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dróttkvætt
Old Norse poetry encompasses a range of verse forms written in the Old Norse language, during the period from the 8th century to as late as the far end of the 13th century. Old Norse poetry is associated with the area now referred to as Scandinavia. Much Old Norse poetry was originally preserved in oral culture, but the Old Norse language ceased to be spoken and later writing tended to be confined to history rather than for new poetic creation, which is normal for an extinct language. Modern knowledge of Old Norse poetry is preserved by what was written down. Most of the Old Norse poetry that survives was composed or committed to writing in Iceland, after refined techniques for writing (such as the use of vellum, parchment paper, pens, and ink) were introduced—seemingly contemporaneously with the introduction of Christianity: thus, the general topic area of Old Norse poetry may be referred to as Old Icelandic poetry in literature. There are also around 122 verses preserved in S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
