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Évian Accords
The Évian Accords were a set of peace treaties signed on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France, by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the government-in-exile of FLN (), which sought Algeria's independence from France. The Accords ended the 1954–1962 Algerian War with a formal cease-fire proclaimed for 19 March and formalized the status of Algeria as an independent nation and the idea of cooperative exchanges between the two countries. Content of Évian Accords The Évian Accords consisted of 93 pages of detailed agreements and arrangements. In essence these covered cease-fire arrangements, prisoner releases, the recognition of full sovereignty and right to self-determination of Algeria, in addition to guarantees of protection, non-discrimination and property rights for all Algerian citizens. A section dealing with military issues provided for the withdrawal of French forces over a period of two years, with the exception of those garrison ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évian-les-Bains
Évian-les-Bains (), or simply Évian ( frp, Èvian, , or ), is a commune in the northern part of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, Southeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 9,100. A high-market holiday resort and spa town on the shores of Lake Geneva (french: Lac Léman), it has been visited, over two centuries, by royalty such as Kings Edward VII and George V of the United Kingdom and King Farouk of Egypt, and celebrities such as countess Anna de Noailles and Marcel Proust. History Birth of an elite spa town The springs of Evian were still rather unknown at the time of the French Revolution. But the First Empire's interest for spa towns inspired a scientist to analyse the Evian springs in 1807 and 1808. A lakeside port and a new road (RN5) connecting the town to Milan and Paris were constructed in 1809. In 1823, Genevan entrepreneur M. Fauconnet launched the Évian mineral water company (''Société des Eaux Minérales d'Évian'') a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organisation Armée Secrète
The ''Organisation Armée Secrète'' (OAS, "Secret Armed Organisation") was a far-right French dissident paramilitary organisation during the Algerian War. The OAS carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an attempt to prevent Algeria's independence from French colonial rule. Its motto was ' ("Algeria is French and will remain so"). The OAS was formed from existing networks, calling themselves "counter-terrorists", "self-defence groups", or "resistance", which had carried out attacks on the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) and their perceived supporters since early in the war. It was officially formed in Francoist Spain, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the 8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination concerning Algeria, which had been organised by President de Gaulle. By acts of bombings and targeted assassinations in both metropolitan France and French Algerian t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Mimouni
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 CE) was the last of four Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam. The issue of his succession caused a major rift between Muslims and divided them into Shia and Sunni groups. Ali was assassinated in the Grand Mosque of Kufa in 661 by the forces of Mu'awiya, who went on to found the Umayyad Caliphate. The Imam Ali Shrine and the city of Najaf were built around Ali's tomb and it is visited yearly by millions of devotees. Ali was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, raised by him from the age of 5, and accepted his claim of divine revelation by age 11, being among the first to do so. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam while Muhammad was in Mecca and under severe persecution. After Muhammad's relocation to Medina in 622, Ali married his daughter Fatima and, among others, fathered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Redha Malek
Redha Malek ( ar, رضا مالك) (21 December 1931 – 29 July 2017) was an Algerian politician who served as Prime Minister of Algeria from 21 August 1993 to April 1994. During his short term of office, which came in the early years of the Algerian Civil War, he pursued a hardline anti- Islamist policy and successfully negotiated debt relief with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), following the implementation of an IMF reform plan. Biography He was born in Batna on 21 December 1931 and was editor of the FLN newspaper '' El Moudjahid'' between 1957 and 1962, during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). After 1963, he was sent as ambassador to Yugoslavia, France, the Soviet Union, the United States (1979–82), and the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises En ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seghir Mostefaï
Seghir Mostefai (1926 – 21 January 2016) was an Algerian lawyer, economist and high civil servant. He graduated with a master's degree in law and economics from Sorbonne University, Paris. Long time anti-colonial activist with responsibilities in the political independentist organization in Algeria and later in exile in Tunis, he participated to the negotiation of the Évian Accords leading to the independence of Algeria. He founded the Central Bank of Algeria, created the national currency and served as Governor of the Central Bank, representing Algeria at the board of the IMF for 20 years. Mostefai played a key role in the negotiations for the liberation of the American hostages in Tehran in 1981. He died on 21 January 2016, at the age of 89. The Evian Accords Missioned by the Gouvernement Provisoire de la République algérienne ( Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic) known as GPRA, based in Tunis, Seghir Mostefai was a member of the Algerian delegation that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Seddik Benyahia
Mohammed Seddik Benyahia or Ben Yahia ( ar, محمد الصديق بن يحيى; January 30, 1932 – May 3, 1982) was an Algerian politician and a militant nationalist during the war in Algeria. After independence he was Minister of Information (1967–1971), Higher Education (1971–1977), Finance (1977–1979), and Foreign Affairs (1979–1982). Early life He was born on January 30, 1932, in Jijel. During the Algerian war, he took an active part in the struggle for independence of his country. He was secretary general of the presidency of the provisional government of the Republic of Algeria ( GPRA) and a member of the Algerian delegation in negotiations with the French government in Evian in 1962. He was responsible for chairing the meeting of CNRA in Tripoli (Libya) in 1962. After the independence of his country, he held the post of ambassador to Moscow and London. He led the Algerian team that brokered the Algiers Accords. Ministries he held * Minister of Infor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taïeb Boulahrouf
Taïeb Boulahrouf (9 April 1923 – 26 June 2005)Biography of Taïeb Boulahrouf was an Algerian and militant nationalist during the . Birth and youth Boulahrouf was born on 9 April 1923 in the region of Oued Zenati (). He grew up in a family of modest means, undertook his studies at |
Lakhdar Bentobal
Lakhdar is a given name and may refer to: *Lakhdar Adjali (born 1972), Algerian football manager and former player * Lakhdar Belloumi (born 1958), former Algerian football player and manager * Lakhdar Bentaleb (born 1988), Algerian football player * Lakhdar Boumediene, citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina, held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps *Lakhdar Brahimi (born 1934), Algerian diplomat, served as the United Nations and Arab League Special Envoy to Syria until 2014 * Lafif Lakhdar, French-Tunisian writer and journalist *Ziad Lakhdar, Tunisian politician * Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina (born 1930), Algerian film director and screenwriter *Mohamed Lakhdar Maougal, Algerian philosopher * Lakhdar Ben Tobbal (1923–2010), former Algerian resistance fighter See also *Sidi Lakhdar District, district in Mostaganem Province, Algeria *Bekkouche Lakhdar, town and commune in Skikda Province in northeastern Algeria * Jbel Lakhdar, small mountain or hill in Morocco * Kef Lakhdar, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saad Dahlab
Saad Dahlab (b. in Ksar Chellala, April 18, 1918 - d. December 16, 2000 in Algiers) was an Algerian nationalist and politician. A long-time national activist, he played a part in virtually all the early Algerian nationalist movements: L' Étoile Nord-Africaine (ENA), the Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA) and the Mouvement pour la Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD), all of them headed by Messali Hadj. Biography He was jailed by France 1945–46. After becoming part of the internal anti-Hadj opposition in the PPA-MTLD, he joined the emergent Front de libération nationale (FLN) splinter group, which began an armed rebellion in 1954. During the Algerian war of independence (1954–62), he was involved with the creation of '' El Moudjahid''—the FLN bulletin that evolved into independent Algeria's main French language daily—as well as with radio transmissions and other propaganda efforts. He also served as minister of foreign affairs in the 1961-62 version of the g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1962 Algerian Évian Accords Referendum
An independence referendum was held in French Algeria on 1 July 1962. It followed French approval of the Évian Accords in an April referendum. Voters were asked whether Algeria should become an independent state, co-operating with France; 99.72% voted in favour with a voter turnout of 91.88%. Following the referendum, France declared Algeria to be independent on 3 July; the decision was published in the official journal the following day, and Algerian leaders declared 5 July (the 132nd anniversary of the French arrival in Algiers) to be Independence Day. When Algeria ceased to be part of France it also ceased being part of the European Communities. Background The Algerian War was started by members of the National Liberation Front (FLN) with the Toussaint Rouge attacks on 1 November 1954. Conflicts proliferated in France, including the May 1958 Algerian crisis that led to the fall of the Fourth Republic. French forces used brutal means of attempting to suppress Algerian n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
