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Étienne Polverel
Étienne Polverel (1740–1795) was a French lawyer, aristocrat, and revolutionary. He was a member of the Jacobins, Jacobin club. In 1792, he and Léger Félicité Sonthonax were sent to Saint-Domingue to suppress the slave revolt and to implement the decree of 4 April 1792, that gave equality of rights to all free men, regardless of their color. Although Polverel and Sonthonax were abolitionists, they had no intention of abolishing slavery when they arrived in September in the colony, and they had not received the right to do so. To preserve the colony for France, however, they were forced to give freedom to the Blacks slaves who would fight on their side. Under pressure, between 27 August and 31 October 1793, they progressively gave freedom to all the slaves of Saint-Domingue. Being from Jacques Pierre Brissot, Brissot's orbit, on 16 July 1793, they were recalled by an upheld recall order by the Committee of Public Safety. It took until June of the following year for a ship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brackets
A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. They come in four main pairs of shapes, as given in the box to the right, which also gives their names, that vary between British English, British and American English. "Brackets", without further qualification, are in British English the ... marks and in American English the ... marks. Other symbols are repurposed as brackets in specialist contexts, such as International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters, those used by linguists. Brackets are typically deployed in symmetric pairs, and an individual bracket may be identified as a "left" or "right" bracket or, alternatively, an "opening bracket" or "closing bracket", respectively, depending on the Writing system#Directionality, directionality of the context. In casual writing and in technical fields such as computing or linguistic analysis of grammar, brackets ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (7 March 1763 – 23 July 1813) was a French politician and colonial administrator. He was a Jacobin before joining the Girondins, which emerged in 1791. During the Haitian Revolution, he controlled 7,000 French troops in Saint-Domingue. His official title was Civil Commissioner. From September 1792, he and Polverel became the '' de facto'' rulers of Saint-Domingue's non-slave population. Because they were associated with Brissot’s party, they were put in accusation by the convention on July 16, 1793, but a ship to bring them back in France didn’t arrive in the colony until June 1794, and they arrived in France in the time of the downfall of Robespierre. They had a fair trial in 1795 and were acquitted of the charges the white colonists brought against them. Sonthonax believed that Saint-Domingue's whites were royalists or separatists, so he attacked the military power of the white settlers and by doing so alienated the colonial settlers from their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Great Britain
Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingdom of England (including Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single Parliament of Great Britain, parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems—English law and Scots law—remained in use, as did distinct educational systems and religious institutions, namely the Church of England and the Church of Scotland remaining as the national churches of England and Scotland respectively. The formerly separate kingdoms had been in personal union since the Union of the Crowns in 1603 when James VI of Scotland became King of England an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Spain (1700–1810)
The history of Spain dates to contact between the List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula with the Greeks and Phoenicians. During Classical Antiquity, the peninsula was the site of multiple successive colonizations of Greeks, Punic people, Carthaginians, and Romans. Native peoples of the peninsula, such as the Tartessos, intermingled with the colonizers to create a uniquely Iberian culture. The Romans referred to the entire peninsula as Hispania, from which the name "Spain" originates. As was the rest of the Western Roman Empire, Spain was subject to numerous invasions of Germanic tribes during the 4th and 5th centuries AD, resulting in the end of Roman rule and the establishment of Germanic kingdoms, marking the beginning of the Spain in the Middle Ages, Middle Ages in Spain. Germanic control lasted until the Umayyad conquest of Hispania began in 711. The region became known a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François-Thomas Galbaud Du Fort
François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort (or Dufort; 25 September 1743 – 21 April 1801) was a French general who was briefly governor-general of Saint-Domingue. He arrived at a time when the planters were hostile to the new French First Republic with its ideals of equality of all men, when many slaves had left the plantations and were fighting for freedom, and when the Spanish in neighboring Santo Domingo were at war with France. He started an uprising in the northern city of Cap-Français against the commissioners who represented the Republic. After violent clashes between white supporters of Galbaud and mulattoes and newly freed slaves who supported the commissioners he was forced to flee to the United States with many of the dissident planters and their families. Early years François Thomas Galbaud du Fort was born on 25 September 1743 in Le Fort, Nantes. He was baptized in Notre Dame, Nantes, on 28 November 1743. His parents were François Galbaud Dufort and Agnès Dubreuil (1717â ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cap-Haïtien
Cap-Haïtien (; ; "Haitian Cape") is a List of communes of Haiti, commune of about 400,000 people on the north coast of Haiti and capital of the Departments of Haiti, department of Nord (Haitian department), Nord. Previously named ''Cap‑Français'' (; initially ''Cap-François'' ) and ''Cap‑Henri'' () during the rule of Henri Christophe, Henri I, it was historically nicknamed the ''Paris of the Antilles'', because of its wealth and sophistication, expressed through its architecture and artistic life. It was an important city during the colonial period, serving as the capital of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue from the city's formal foundation in 1711 until 1770 when the capital was moved to Port-au-Prince. After the Haitian Revolution, it became the capital of the Kingdom of Haiti under King Henri I until 1820. Cap-Haïtien's long history of independent thought was formed in part by its relative distance from Port-au-Prince, the barrier of mountains between it and the so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Code Noir
The (, ''Black code'') was a decree passed by King Louis XIV, Louis XIV of France in 1685 defining the conditions of Slavery in France, slavery in the French colonial empire and served as the code for slavery conduct in the French colonies up until 1789 the year marking the beginning of the French Revolution. The decree restricted the activities of free people of color, mandated conversion to Catholic Church, Catholicism for all enslaved people throughout the empire, defined the punishments meted out to them, and ordered the expulsion of all Jews, Jewish people from France's colonies. Context, origin and scope International and trade context Codes governing slavery had already been established in many European colonization of the Americas, European colonies in the Americas, such as the 1661 Barbados Slave Code. At this time in the Caribbean, Jews were mostly active in the Dutch Empire, Dutch colonies, so their presence was seen as an unwelcome Dutch influence in French co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sud (department)
Sud ( French, ) or Sid (Haitian Creole; both meaning "South") is one of the ten departments of Haiti and located in southern Haiti. It has an area of and a population of 774,976. Its capital is Les Cayes. History Taino Period The department was part of the Xaragua kingdom. The area of Aquin was known as Yakimo a Taino settlement. The island of Vache was named Anigua. Spanish Period The area of Les Cayes was a Spanish settlement known as Salvatierra de la Sabana or Land Saved from the Water or Sea. French Period Much like the N-O, the South Department was a pirate hub with famous pirates such as Henri Morgan and many more hiding their loot on the multitude of islands from Grosse Cayes to Isle-à -Vache. Haitian Revolution The South, in general, was Rigaudin since was under the control of André Rigaud until it definitely switches the hand of Toussaint and the Louverturien. This conflict is known as the Haitian War of Knives opposing two political and economical groups in H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ouest (department)
Ouest (French language, French, ) or Lwès (Haitian Creole; both meaning "West") is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It is located in south-central Haiti, linking the Great-North and the Tiburon Peninsula. It is the jurisdictional seat of the national capital, the city of Port-au-Prince. It has an area of and a population of 4,029,705 (2015 estimate), making it both the largest department by area and the most populated department in Haiti. History Taino period The department was part of the Jaragua, Hispaniola, Xaragua kasika under the leadership of Anacaona. There are many native settlements in the department notably around Arcahaie, Arcahaie, Ouest, Akaya, Etang Saumâtre, Azuei Lake, Léogâne, Yaguana, the Gonâve Island, island of Guanabo and Petit-Goâve, Goava. It is understood that the Azuei Plaine region was used as a hunting ground for the natives. The island of Gonave is the last point of refuge for the Taino natives. Spanish period One of the only Spanish set ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Antoine Ailhaud
Jean Antoine is a French given name. Notable people with the name include: * Jean-Antoine Alavoine (1778–1834), French architect * Jean Antoine de Baïf (1532–1589), French poet * Jean-Antoine Carrel (1829–1891), Italian mountain climber * Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1756–1832), French chemist, physician and politician * Jean-Antoine Constantin (1756–1844), French painter * Jean-Antoine Courbis (1752–1795), French lawyer and revolutionary * Jean-Antoine Dubois (1765–1848), French Catholic missionary in India * Jean-Antoine Gleizes (1773–1843), French writer and advocate of vegetarianism * Jean-Antoine Gros (1740–1790), French painter * Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828), French neoclassical sculptor * Jean-Antoine Lépine (1720–1814), French watchmaker * Jean-Antoine Letronne (1787–1848), French archaeologist * Jean-Antoine Marbot (1754–1800), French general and politician * Jean-Antoine Morand (1727–1794), French architect and urban planner * Jean-Antoine N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis XVI
Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; ; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. The son of Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765), Louis, Dauphin of France (son and heir-apparent of Louis XV, King Louis XV), and Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France, Maria Josepha of Saxony, Louis became the new Dauphin of France, Dauphin when his father died in 1765. In 1770, he married Marie Antoinette. He became King of France and Navarre on his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, and reigned until the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy, abolition of the monarchy on 21 September 1792. From 1791 onwards, he used the style of king of the French. The first part of Louis XVI's reign was marked by attempts to reform the French government in accordance with Enlightened absolutism, Enlightenment ideas. These included efforts to increase Edict of Versailles, tolerance toward non-Catholics as well as abolishing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coffee
Coffee is a beverage brewed from roasted, ground coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content, but decaffeinated coffee is also commercially available. There are also various coffee substitutes. Typically served hot, coffee has the highest sales in the world market for hot drinks. Coffee production begins when the seeds from coffee cherries (the '' Coffea'' plant's fruits) are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans. The "beans" are roasted and then ground into fine particles. Coffee is brewed from the ground roasted beans, which are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out. It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often added to mask ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
