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Édouard Vaillant
Marie Édouard Vaillant (26 January 1840 – 18 December 1915) was a French politician. Born in Vierzon, Cher, son of a lawyer, Édouard Vaillant studied engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, graduating in 1862, and then law at the Sorbonne. In Paris he knew Charles Longuet, Louis-Auguste Rogeard, and Jules Vallès. A reader of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's writings, he met Proudhon, and joined the International Workingmen's Association. He went to study in Germany in 1866. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 he returned to Paris. It was during the Siege of Paris that Vaillant met Auguste Blanqui. Vaillant opposed the Government of National Defence, and took part in the revolts on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. He was one of the four editors of the ''Affiche Rouge'' (red poster) calling for the creation of the Paris Commune. In the elections of February 1871 he stood as a revolutionary socialist candidate for the National Assembly b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Édouard Vaillant At Père Lachaise
Édouard is both a French given name and a surname, equivalent to Edward in English. Notable people with the name include: * Édouard Balladur (born 1929), French politician * Édouard Boubat (1923–1999), French photographer * Édouard Colonne (1838–1910), French conductor * Édouard Daladier (1884–1970), French prime minister at the start of World War II * Edouard Drumont (1844–1917), French anti-semitic journalist * Édouard Dujardin (1861–1949), French writer * Édouard François (born 1957), French architect * Édouard Gagnon (1918–2007), French Canadian cardinal * Édouard Herriot (1872–1957), French prime minister, three times, and mayor of Lyon from 1905 to 1957 * Edouard F. Henriques, Make-up artist * Édouard von Jaunez (1834–1916), German-French politician and industrialist * Édouard Lalo (1823–1892), French composer * Édouard Lockroy (1838–1913), French politician * Édouard Louis (born 1992), French writer * Édouard Lucas (1842–1891), French ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
20th Arrondissement
The 20th arrondissement of Paris (known in French as the ''XXe arrondissement de Paris'' or simply as "''le vingtième''") is the last of the consecutively numbered arrondissements of the capital city of France. Also known as Ménilmontant () after the Ménilmontant neighbourhood it encompasses in its northwest, it is on the right bank of the River Seine and contains some of the city's most cosmopolitan districts. It covers four quarters: Belleville, Saint-Fargeau, Père-Lachaise and Charonne. In 2019, it had a population of 194,994. The 20th arrondissement is internationally best known for its Père Lachaise Cemetery, the world's most-visited cemetery where one can find the tombs of a number of famous people. Geography The land area of this arrondissement is . The arrondissement consists of four quarters: * Quartier Belleville (77) * Quartier Saint-Fargeau (78) * Quartier Père-Lachaise (79) * Quartier Charonne (80) Demographics The population of Paris's 20th arrondissemen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gennevilliers
Gennevilliers () is a Communes of France, commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine Departments of France, department of Île-de-France. It is located from the Kilometre zero, centre of Paris. History On 9 April 1929, one-fifth of the territory of Gennevilliers was detached and became the commune of Villeneuve-la-Garenne. Gennevilliers is the site of the main river port Port of Gennevilliers of Paris on the Seine. The Hôtel de Ville, Gennevilliers, Hôtel de Ville was completed in 1977. Population Transport Gennevilliers is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 13: Les Courtilles (Paris Métro), Les Courtilles, Les Agnettes (Paris Métro), Les Agnettes and Gabriel Péri (Paris Métro), Gabriel Péri. All three are at the border with the commune of Asnières-sur-Seine. Gennevilliers is also served by two stations on RER C (Les Grésillons (Paris RER), Les Grésillons and Gennevilliers (Paris RER), Gennevilliers), as well as five stops on Î ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pacifist
Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence. The word ''pacifism'' was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ''ahimsa'' (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound. In modern times, interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, particularly in ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You''. Mahatma Gandhi propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent resistance, nonviolent opposition which he called "satyagraha", instrumental in its role in the Indian independence movement. Its effectiveness served as inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr., James Lawson (activist), James Lawson, Charles and Mary Beard, Mary and Charles Beard, James Bevel, ThÃch Nhất Hạnh,"Searching for the Enemy of Man", in Nhat Nanh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Sacrée
The Sacred Union (, ) was a political truce in the French Third Republic in which the left-wing agreed during World War I not to oppose the government or call any strikes. Made in the name of patriotism, it stood in opposition to the pledge made by the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), internationalism, and its former leader Jean Jaurès not to enter any "bourgeois war". Although an important part of the socialist movement joined the ''Union sacrée'', some trade unionists such as Pierre Monatte opposed it. On 3 August 1914, Germany declared war on France. The next day, Prime Minister Rene Viviani read an address written by President Raymond Poincaré: This political movement may have been an attempt to create solidarity during a time when the largely pacifist SFIO threatened a general strike, while many French Catholics were slighted by anti-Catholic policies, such as the separation of church and state. Elements of nationalism, that the Germans attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First World War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in European theatre of World War I, Europe and the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, Middle East, as well as in parts of African theatre of World War I, Africa and the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I, Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare; the widespread use of Artillery of World War I, artillery, machine guns, and Chemical weapons in World War I, chemical weapons (gas); and the introductions of Tanks in World War I, tanks and Aviation in World War I, aircraft. World War I was one of the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated World War I casualties, 10 million military dead and more than 20 million wounded, plus some 10 million civilian de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Strike
A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large coalitions of political, social, and labour organizations and may also include rallies, marches, boycotts, civil disobedience, non-payment of taxes, and other forms of direct or indirect action. Additionally, general strikes might exclude care workers, such as teachers, doctors, and nurses. Historically, the term general strike has referred primarily to solidarity action, which is a multi-sector strike that is organised by trade unions who strike together in order to force pressure on employers to begin negotiations or offer more favourable terms to the strikers; though not all strikers may have a material interest in each other's negotiations, they all have a material interest in maintaining and strengthening the collective efficacy of strikes as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Section Of The Workers' International
The French Section of the Workers' International (, SFIO) was a major socialist political party in France which was founded in 1905 and succeeded in 1969 by the present Socialist Party. The SFIO was founded in 1905 as the French representative to the Second International, merging the Marxist Socialist Party of France led by Jules Guesde and the social-democratic French Socialist Party led by Jean Jaurès, who became the SFIO's leading figure. Electoral support for the party rose from 10 percent in the 1906 election to 17 percent in 1914, and during World War I it participated in France's national unity government, sacrificing its ideals of internationalist class struggle in favor of national patriotism, as did most other members of the Second International. In 1920, the SFIO split over views on the 1917 Russian Revolution; the majority became the French Communist Party, while the minority continued as the SFIO. In the 1930s, mutual concern over fascism drew the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Jaurès
Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914), commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès (; ), was a French socialist leader. Initially a Moderate Republican, he later became a social democrat and one of the first possibilists (the reformist wing of the socialist movement) and in 1902 the leader of the French Socialist Party, which opposed Jules Guesde's revolutionary Socialist Party of France. The two parties merged in 1905 in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). An antimilitarist, he was assassinated in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I but remains one of the main historical figures of the French Left. As a heterodox Marxist, Jaurès rejected the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat and tried to conciliate idealism and materialism, individualism and collectivism, democracy and class struggle, and patriotism and internationalism. Early career The son of an unsuccessful businessman and farmer, Jean Jaurès was born ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jules Guesde
Jules Bazile, known as Jules Guesde (; 11 November 1845 – 28 July 1922) was a French socialist journalist and politician. Guesde was the inspiration for a famous quotation by Karl Marx. Shortly before Marx died in 1883, he wrote a letter to Guesde and Paul Lafargue, both of whom already claimed to represent "Marxist" principles. Marx accused them of "revolutionary phrase-mongering". This exchange is the source of Marx's remark, reported by Friedrich Engels: "''ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas marxiste''" ("what is certain is that [if they are Marxists], [then] I myself am not a Marxist"). Biography Early years Jules Bazile was born in Paris, on the ÃŽle-St-Louis. He began his career as a clerk in the Minister of the Interior (France), Interior Ministry. He wrote in republican newspapers under the Second French Empire, Second Empire and chose "Jules Guesde" as a pen name after his mother's name, Eléonore Guesde. On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chamber Of Deputies Of France
The Chamber of Deputies (, ) was the lower house of parliament in France at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries: * 1814–1848 during the Bourbon Restoration in France, Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament, elected by census suffrage. * 1875–1940 during the French Third Republic, the Chamber of Deputies was the legislative assembly of the French Parliament, elected by two-round system with universal male suffrage. When reunited with the Senate (France), Senate in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, the French Parliament was called the National Assembly (France), National Assembly (''Assemblée nationale'') and carried out the election of the President of France, president of the French Republic. During the Bourbon Restoration Created by the Charter of 1814 and replacing the Corps législatif, which existed under the First French Empire, the Chamber of Deputies was composed of individuals electe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First International
The International Workingmen's Association (IWA; 1864–1876), often called the First International, was a political international which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, social democratic, communist, and anarchist groups and trade unions that were based on the working class and class struggle. It was founded in 1864 in a workmen's meeting held in St. Martin's Hall, London. Its first congress was held in 1866 in Geneva. In Europe, a period of harsh reaction followed the widespread Revolutions of 1848. The next major phase of revolutionary activity began almost twenty years later with the founding of the IWA in 1864. At its peak, the IWA reported having 8 million members while police reported 5 million. In 1872, it split in two over conflicts between statist and anarchist factions and dissolved in 1876. The Second International was founded in 1889. St. Martin's Hall Meeting, London, 1864 On 28 September an international crowd of workers gathe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
