Åland Islands Dispute

	Åland Islands Dispute The Åland Islands dispute () was a political conflict between Sweden and Finland over the Åland Islands after World War I. Most Ålanders wanted to reunite with Sweden, but in 1921 the League of Nations decided that the islands would stay under Finnish rule. Finland had to protect the islands’ Swedish language, Swedish language, culture, and autonomy. Background Until 1809, Åland belonged to Sweden. After Sweden lost the Finnish War, the Treaty of Fredrikshamn transferred Finland and Åland to Imperial Russia. Åland became part of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which had some autonomy within the Russian Empire. In 1856, the Treaty of Paris (1856) ended the Crimean War and banned Russia from building forts on Åland. Russia followed this agreement until 1908, when it tried to change the islands’ status, but faced resistance. During World War I, Russia built a submarine base on Åland for use by Russian and British forces. Conflict and foreign intervention (1917–1918) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Vaasa Vaasa (; , ), formerly (1855-1917) known as Nikolaistad (; ),Vaasa oli ennen Nikolainkaupunki ja Aurinkolahti Mustalahti – paikannimiä ei kuitenkaan pidä muuttaa heppoisin perustein – ''Kaleva (newspaper), Kaleva'' (in Finnish) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Ostrobothnia (administrative region), Ostrobothnia. It is located on the west coast of the country, on the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Vaasa is approximately , while the Vaasa sub-region, sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous Municipalities of Finland, municipality in Finland, and the tenth most populous List of urban areas in Finland by population, urban area in the countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Autonomy Of Åland In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be defined from a human resources perspective, where it denotes a (relatively high) level of discretion granted to an employee in his or her work. In such cases, autonomy is known to generally increase job satisfaction. Self-actualized individuals are thought to operate autonomously of external expectations. In a medical context, respect for a patient's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine. Sociology In the sociology of knowledge, a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy inhibited analysis of any concept beyond relative autonomy, until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within science and technology studies. According to it, the institution of science's existing autonomy is " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet Union, it dissolved in 1991. During its existence, it was the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country by area, extending across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and sharing Geography of the Soviet Union#Borders and neighbors, borders with twelve countries, and the List of countries and dependencies by population, third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, economy were Soviet-type economic planning, highly centralized. As a one-party state go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Stockholm Plan Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately 1 million people live in the Stockholm Municipality, municipality, with 1.6 million in the Stockholm urban area, urban area, and 2.5 million in the Metropolitan Stockholm, metropolitan area. The city stretches across fourteen islands where Mälaren, Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea. Outside the city to the east, and along the coast, is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. The city serves as the county seat of Stockholm County. Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country's Gros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands—Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu—and List of islands of Japan, thousands of smaller islands, covering . Japan has a population of over 123 million as of 2025, making it the List of countries and dependencies by population, eleventh-most populous country. The capital of Japan and List of cities in Japan, its largest city is Tokyo; the Greater Tokyo Area is the List of largest cities, largest metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37 million inhabitants as of 2024. Japan is divided into 47 Prefectures of Japan, administrative prefectures and List of regions of Japan, eight traditional regions. About three-quarters of Geography of Japan, the countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Erik Palmstierna Erik Kule Palmstierna (10 November 1877 – 22 November 1959) was a Swedish Social Democratic Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ... politician and diplomat. He served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from March 1920 to October 1920. Between October 1917 to March 1920 he served as Minister for Naval Affairs (the Swedish Minister of the Navy and Coastal Artillery). His wife was the women's rights activist Ebba Palmstierna. References 1877 births 1959 deaths Swedish Social Democratic Party politicians Ministers for foreign affairs of Sweden Ministers for naval affairs of Sweden Ambassadors of Sweden to the United Kingdom Swedish Navy officers Georgist politicians Politicians from Stockholm {{Sweden-SocialDemocratic-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Carl Enckell Carl Johan Alexis Enckell (7 June 1876 – 26 March 1959) was a Finnish politician, diplomat, officer and businessman. Enckell followed his father's footsteps in the Russian military and rose to the Imperial Russian Guard. As he was not satisfied with the salary and his stagnated military career, he studied mechanical engineering in Germany. After graduation in 1903, he worked in the Kuusankoski paper mill and the Helsinki-based engineering companies Hietalahti Shipyard and Engineering Works and Kone- ja Siltarakennus. During the 1910s Enckell was also active in a number of employers' organisations. In 1917, shortly before the October Revolution, Enckell was appointed Finnish Minister–Secretary of State to Saint Petersburg. Following the Finnish Declaration of Independence, Enckell worked hard to get international recognition for the declaration. During the following years, Enckell served as Finnish envoy to Paris, and later to the League of Nations, in which he successful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Carl Björkman (politician) Carl Björkman (15 February 1873 – 5 September 1948) was a politician in Åland, Finland. He was born in Turku and was the first premier of the Government of Åland. Carl Björkman was along with Julius Sundblom the most prominent figure of the Åland movement for reunion with Sweden. Following Finland's declaration of independence in 1917, Björkman became one of the leading proponents of returning Åland to Sweden, which resulted in the Åland Crisis. Before the resolution of the crisis, Björkman, along with Julius Sundblom, was arrested by Finnish police and spent a few days in prison, accused of treason. In 1922, Björkman became the first Premier Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier. A premier will normally be a head of govern ... (swe: '' Lantråd'') of ''Landskapsstyrelsen'' (later called '' Landskapsre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Julius Sundblom August Julius Sundblom (22 June 1865 – 23 August 1945) was an editor and politician in Åland, Finland. Sundblom was born in Jomala, Åland. He founded '' Tidningen Åland'' in 1891, and was its editor-in-chief during 1891–1896 and 1921–1945. He was also editor-in-chief of '' Västra Nyland'' from 1895 until 1900, during which time he lived in Turku. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1919, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP). Following Finland's declaration of independence in 1917, Sundblom became one of the leading figures of the Åland movement. The movement's goal of returning Åland to Sweden resulted in the Åland Crisis. Before the resolution of the crisis, Sundblom, along with Carl Björkman, was arrested by Finnish police and spent a few days in prison, accused of treason Treason is the crime of attacking a state (polity), state authority to which one owes allegiance. This typically includes acts such as parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy) or advisory (functioning like a large-scale opinion poll). Etymology 'Referendum' is the gerundive form of the Latin language, Latin verb , literally "to carry back" (from the verb , "to bear, bring, carry" plus the inseparable prefix , here meaning "back"Marchant & Charles, Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1928, p. 469.). As a gerundive is an adjective,A gerundive is a verbal adjective (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) not a noun, it cannot be used alone in Latin, and must be contained within a context attached to a noun such as , "A proposal which must be carried back to the people". The addition of the verb (3rd person singular, ) to a gerundive, denotes the idea of nece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]