silsila

Silsila ( ar, سِلْسِلَة) is an Arabic word meaning ''chain'', ''link'', ''connection'' often used in various senses of lineage. In particular, it may be translated as "spiritual genealogy" where one Sufi Master transfers his ''khilafat'' to his ''khalîfa'', or spiritual descendant. In Urdu, ''silsila'' means saga.

Historical importance

Every Sufi order, or ''tariqa'', has a ''silsila''. ''Silsila'' originated with the initiation of ''tariqa'' which dates back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Most ''silsila'' trace their lineage back to his cousin and son-in-law Ali bin Abi Talib such as the Qadiriyyah, the Chishtiyya, the Noorbakhshia and the Suhrawardiyyah orders. However, the Naqshbandiyyah order of South Asia is through Abu Bakr.

Centuries ago, Arabia did not have schools for formal education. Students went to masters who taught them. Upon completion of their study, they received ''ijazah'' (permission) which acted as the certification of their education. A graduate then acted as a master having his own students or disciples. This chain of masters was known as ''silsila'' or lineage. Somewhat analogous to the modern situation where degrees are only accepted from recognized universities, the certification of a master having a verifiable chain of masters was the only criteria which accorded legitimacy:

"Theoretically one can only receive instruction in these practices (''talqîn'') from an authorised teacher of the ''tariqa'', and only after pledging a vow of obedience (''bay'ah'') to this shaikh. The shaykh gives his disciples permission (''ijâza'') to practice the ''tariqa'': he may also authorise one or more of them to teach it to others, i.e. appoint them as his ''khalîfa'' or successor. In this way a hierarchically ordered network of teachers may emerge. Each sheikh can show a chain of authorities for the ''tariqa'' he teaches, his ''silsila'' or spiritual genealogy. Usually the ''silsila'' reaches back from one's own teacher up to the Prophet, with whom all ''tariqa'' claim to have originated although there have been modifications along the way. A Sufi's ''silsila'' is his badge of identity and source of legitimation; it provides him with a list of illustrious predecessors and shows how he is related to other Sufis."

''Silsila'' can be of a partial knowledge or a book as well. All ''ḥāfiẓa'' (memorizers of Quran), ''muḥaddithūn'' (narrators of hadith), and ''qāriʾūna'' (reciters of Quran with ''tajwid'', or correct accent and pronunciation), for example, are given a chain of credible narrators linking to Muhammad.

Chain of authority

For Muslims, the Chain of Authenticity is an important way to ascertain the validity of a saying of Muhammad (also known as a Hadith). The Chain of Authenticity relates the chain of people who have heard and repeated the saying of Muhammad through the generations, until that particular Hadith was written down (Ali bin Abi Talib said that 'Aisha said that the Prophet Muhammad said...). A similar idea appears in Sufism in regards to the lineage and teachings of Sufi masters and students. This string of master to student is called a ''silsila'', literally meaning “chain”. The focus of the ''silsila'' like the Chain of Authenticity is to trace the lineage of a Sufi order to Muhammad through his Companions: Ali bin Abi Talib (the primary link between all Sufi orders and Muhammad) and Abu Bakr (only the Naaqshbandiyyah order). When a Sufi order can be traced back to Muhammad through one Ali or Abu Bakr, the lineage is called the ''Silsilat al-Dhahab'' (''dhahab'' meaning gold) or the “Chain of Gold” (Golden Chain). In early Islamic history, gold was an extremely desired prize and was used for currency, to show wealth and power, and for scientific purposes including medicine. Thus, gold was the most desired commodity in the material world, just as the Golden Chain is the most desired commodity of Sufi orders.

When Sufism began in the second century of Islam, according to some experts, it was an individual choice; many Sufis aimed to be more like Muhammad by becoming ascetic and focusing their lives fully on God; more so than the Five Daily Prayers and usual prescripted religious practices. This often included removing oneself from society and other people in general. As Sufism became a greater movement in Islam, individual Sufis began to group together. These groups (also known as orders) were based on a common master. This common master then began spiritual lineage, which is a connection between a Sufi order in which there is a common spiritual heritage based on the master's teachings (i.e., ‘path’ or ‘method’) called tariq or tariqah. As the number of Sufi orders grew, there arose a need for legitimacy of the orders to establish each order was following the teachings of Muhammad directly; thus the idea of the Silsilat al-Dhahab. If a Sufi order is able to trace its student to master lineage back to Ali bin Abi Talib who provides a straight link to Muhammad (because of his inheritor status with him) then the order is considered righteous and directly following the teachings of Muhammad. In possessing the Golden Chain, a Sufi order is able to establish their order prominently in the mystical world.

Shia term

Shias use it idiomatically to mean a lineage of authentic Masters.

China

Among Chinese Muslims, the concept of ''silsilah'' has developed into that of a '' menhuan'' (门宦): a Chinese-style Sufi order whose leaders trace a lineage chain going back to the order's founder in China (e.g., Ma Laichi given name Abu I Fateh or Ma Mingxin given name Ibrahim), and beyond, toward his teachers in Arabia.

Indonesia

The term is used as the title of royal family trees and family records of the rulers in the palaces of Java.

See also

* Tariqa
* Isnad, Islamic System of Certification

References

Further reading

*Ehrenkreutz, A.S. "ḎH̲ahab." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 8 April 2010
*"Silsila." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 8 April 2010
*Shah, Idries. ''The Way of the Sufi''. Penguin Books, New York, 1974.
* Lings, Martin. ''What is Sufism?'' University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1977.
*Ernst, Carl W. ''The Shambhala Guide to Sufism''. Shambhala Publications, Boston, 1997.
*Karamustafa, Ahmet T. ''Sufism: The Formative Period''. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2007.
*Crimingham, J. Spencer. ''The Sufi Orders in Islam''. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.

External links

Shattari Silsila

Tariqah-e- Maizbhandaria, Silsilah of the Maizbhandari Order, Bangladesh

{{Authority control

Sufism
Hadith studies
Islamic terminology