Xoybûn
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Xoybûn or Khoyboun ( ku, ,Xoybûn خۆیبوون) was a
Kurdish nationalist Kurdish nationalism (, ) is a nationalist political movement which asserts that Kurds are a nation and espouses the creation of an independent Kurdistan from Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Early Kurdish nationalism had its roots in the Ottoman ...
political party, that is known for leading the Ararat rebellion, commanded by
Ihsan Nuri Ihsan Nuri, also known as Ihsan Nuri Pasha ( ku, Îhsan Nûrî Paşa ,ئیحسان نووری پاشا), 1892 or 1893, Bitlis – 25 March 1976, Tehran) was a Kurdish soldier and politician, former officer of the Ottoman and Turkish Army, ...
. Many
Armenians Armenians ( hy, հայեր, ''hayer'' ) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian highlands of Western Asia. Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the ''de facto'' independent Artsakh. There is a wide-ranging diaspora ...
joined the movement as well, the party was active in all parts of
Kurdistan Kurdistan ( ku, کوردستان ,Kurdistan ; lit. "land of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, Kurdish la ...
until it was dissolved in 1946.


Establishment

On the 5 October 1927, in Bhamdoun, Greater Lebanon, during a congress of several Kurdish notables, Xoybûn was founded by members of the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan, Azadî (Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti), Kürt Teşkilat-ı İçtimaiye Cemiyeti and Kürt Millet Fırkası. Prominent members of the congress where
Kamuran Bedir Khan Kamran ( fa, کامران ''Kāmrān'') is a Persian male given name meaning 'prosperous, fortunate'. The name is commonly used in Iran and Azerbaijan, in addition to Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Turkey, Pakistan. Variants include Kâmran and Kamu ...
, Celadet Bedir Khan, Memduh Selim, Mehdi Saïd (the brother of Sheikh Said) and Haco Agha amongst others. In the same month the Xoybûn achieved a treaty with the Armenian Revolution Federation (ARF/Dashnaktsutyun). The treaty was negotiated in
Beirut Beirut, french: Beyrouth is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint o ...
on the 29 October by
Vahan Papazian Vahan Papazian ( hy, Վահան Փափազյան; 1876–1973), also known by his pseudonym Goms (Կոմս) was an Armenian doctor, politician, political activist who was one of the leaders of the Armenian national liberation movement. He was the ...
for the ARF and by Celadet Bedir Khan, Mehmet Şükru Sekban, Ali Riza (the son of Sheik Said and others on the side of the Xoybun. The Xoybûn had two separate sections. And armed section and a political one. The armed wing was led by
Ihsan Nuri Ihsan Nuri, also known as Ihsan Nuri Pasha ( ku, Îhsan Nûrî Paşa ,ئیحسان نووری پاشا), 1892 or 1893, Bitlis – 25 March 1976, Tehran) was a Kurdish soldier and politician, former officer of the Ottoman and Turkish Army, ...
, an Ottoman soldier. The political wing was based in
Damascus )), is an adjective which means "spacious". , motto = , image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg , image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg , seal_type = Seal , map_caption = , ...
, represented in several western countries and mostly by members of the Bedirxan family. The Xoybûn presented itself as a progressive but pragmatic organization, which had an independence as a goal wanted to learn from former decisions which led to the failure of the Sheikh Said rebellion. Celadet Alî Bedirxan who was elected as its president as well as Süleymniyeli Kerim Rüstem Bey, Memduh Selim, Mehmet Şükrü Sekban, Haco Agha, Ramanlı Emin, Ali Rıza, Bozan bey Shahin and Mustafa bey Şahin were elected as members of the first central committee of Xoybûn. The Xoybûn can be viewed as a counterweight to the SAK led by Seyyit Abdul Kadir, who favored autonomy for the Kurds instead of independence. Turkey severely opposed the activities for Kurdish independence which amounted to the closure of Xoybuns activities in
Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...
in 1928.


Ararat rebellion

Under the leadership of Celadet Alî Bedirxan, Kamuran Alî Bedirxan, Ekrem Cemilpaşa, Memdûh Selîm and others, Xoybûn decided to promote Ihsan Nuri, a former officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies, to general (pasha) and sent him to Erzurum with 20 comrades. They published a newspaper named ''Agirî''. The Republic of Ararat declared its independence on 8 October 1927. The central committee of Xoybûn appointed
Ibrahim Heski Ibrahim Heski or Ibrahim Pasha Haski TelloDana Adams Schmidt, ''Journey among brave men'', Little, Brown, 1964p. 57. ( ku, Biroyê Heskê Têlî;? - July 25, 1931, Siah Cheshmeh, Iran), was a Kurdish people, Kurdish soldier, politician and presiden ...
, who was one of the chieftains of Jalali tribe, to the governorship of Agirî Province and Ihsan Nuri Pasha to the post of general commander of the Kurdish Armed Forces. Xoybûn also made appeals to the
Great Powers A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power in ...
and the
League of Nations The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ...
,Mehmet Köçer, "Ağrı İsyanı (1926-1930)", '' Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi'', Cilt: 14, Sayı: 2
s. 385.
but under pressure from Turkey the British Empire and France restricted the activities of those involved in the Xoybûn. Turkey accused Kurdish and Armenian rebels several times to have invaded Turkey with the aim to assassinate Mustafa Kemal. The Ararat rebellion was subsequently put down by Turkish forces in 1931.


References


Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Xoybun Kurdish organisations Kurdish separatism in Turkey Ararat rebellion Organizations established in 1927 Organizations disestablished in 1946 Kurdish nationalist organizations Rebel groups in Turkey