This is a list of women chemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of chemistry. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry.

Nobel Laureates

* 2022 -

Carolyn R. Bertozzi Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (born October 10, 1966) is an American chemist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Nobel laureate, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry" for chemic ...

- for

Bioorthogonal chemistry The term bioorthogonal chemistry refers to any chemical reaction that can occur inside of living systems without interfering with native biochemical processes. The term was coined by Carolyn R. Bertozzi in 2003. Since its introduction, the concept ...

* 2020 –

Emmanuelle Charpentier Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier (; born 11 December 1968) is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry. As of 2015, she has been a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. In 2018, she ...

and

Jennifer Doudna Jennifer Anne Doudna (; born February 19, 1964) is an American biochemist who has done pioneering work in CRISPR gene editing, and made other fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics. Doudna was one of the first women to share a ...

– for

CRISPR gene editing CRISPR gene editing (pronounced "crisper") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified. It is based on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense syst ...

* 2018 –

Frances Arnold Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In ...

–

directed evolution Directed evolution (DE) is a method used in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural selection to steer proteins or nucleic acids toward a user-defined goal. It consists of subjecting a gene to iterative rounds of mutagenesis ( ...

to engineer enzymes * 2009 – Ada E. Yonath – structure & function of the ribosome * 1964 –

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (née Crowfoot; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules, which became essential fo ...

–

protein crystallography X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles ...

* 1935 –

Irène Joliot-Curie Irène Joliot-Curie (; ; 12 September 1897 – 17 March 1956) was a French chemist, physicist and politician, the elder daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie, and the wife of Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Jointly with her husband, Joliot-Curie was awar ...

–

artificial radioactivity Induced radioactivity, also called artificial radioactivity or man-made radioactivity, is the process of using radiation to make a previously stable material radioactive. The husband and wife team of Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Cur ...

* 1911 – Marie Sklodowska-Curie – discovery of

radium Radium is a chemical element with the symbol Ra and atomic number 88. It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily reacts with nitrogen (rathe ...

polonium Polonium is a chemical element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84. Polonium is a chalcogen. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character ...

Eight women have won the

Nobel Prize in Chemistry ) , image = Nobel Prize.png , alt = A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "M ...

(listed above), awarded annually since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Marie Curie Marie Salomea Skłodowska–Curie ( , , ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska, ; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first ...

was the first woman to receive the prize in 1911, which was her second Nobel Prize (she also won the prize in physics in 1903, along with

Pierre Curie Pierre Curie ( , ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Curie, and Henri Becq ...

and

Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French engineer, physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pie ...

– making her the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her "discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."

Irene Joliot-Curie Irene is a name derived from εἰρήνη (eirēnē), the Greek for "peace". Irene, and related names, may refer to: * Irene (given name) Places * Irene, Gauteng, South Africa * Irene, South Dakota, United States * Irene, Texas, United States ...

, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of

. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and

vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. ...

. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is an Indian-born British and American structural biologist who shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath, "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" ...

and Thomas A. Steitz for the study of the structure and function of the ribosome. Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A Doudna won the 2020 prize in chemistry “for the development of a method for genome editing.” Charpentier and Doudna are the first women to share the Nobel Prize in chemistry.

L'Oreal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science Laureates (Chemistry)

* 2015 –

Xie Yi Xie Yi FRSC (; born 23 July 1967) is a Chinese chemist. She is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. She is a professor and doctoral supervisor at University of Science and Technology of Ch ...

(Asia-Pacific) – inorganic chemistry * 2015 – Molly S. Shoichet (North America) – photochemistry * 2011 – Faiza Al-Harafi (Africa/Arab States) – electrochemistry

List of women chemists

19th century

* Mary Watson (1856–1933), one of the first two female chemistry students at the

University of Oxford , mottoeng = The Lord is my light , established = , endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019) , budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20) , chancellor ...

* Margaret Seward (1864–1929), one of the first two female chemistry students at the University of Oxford; signed the 1904 petition to the Chemical Society * Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), one of the first female Russian chemists *

Gerty Cori Gerty Theresa Cori (; August 15, 1896 – October 26, 1957) was an Austro-Hungarian and American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Me ...

(1896–1957) Jewish Czech-American biochemist who was the first American to win a

Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfr ...

in science * Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom * Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish mineral chemist, first formally trained female Swedish chemist * Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), inorganic chemist, probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry *

Julia Lermontova Julia Lermontova rus, Юлия Всеволодовна Лермонтова (21 December 1846 – 16 December 1919 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S. 2 January 1847 ), was a Russian chemist. She is known as the first Russian woman to ea ...

(1846–1919), Russian chemist, first Russian female doctorate in chemistry * Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist, teacher, and physician *

Rachel Lloyd Rachel Elizabeth Lloyd (born 1975) is a British anti-trafficking advocate, author and the founder of Girls Educational and Mentoring Services. She is known for her work on the issue of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic trafficking ...

(1839–1900), first American female to earn a doctorate in chemistry, first regularly admitted female member of the

American Chemical Society The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 155,000 members at all ...

, studied sugar beets *

Muriel Wheldale Onslow Muriel Wheldale Onslow (31 March 1880 – 19 May 1932) was a British biochemist, born in Birmingham, England. She studied the inheritance of flower colour in the common snapdragon Antirrhinum and the biochemistry of anthocyanin pigment molecules ...

(1880–1932), British biochemist * Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist *

Mary Engle Pennington Mary Engle Pennington (October 8, 1872 – December 27, 1952) was an American bacteriological chemist and refrigeration engineer. Early life and education Mary Engle Pennington was born in Nashville, Tennessee; her parents were Henry and Sarah M ...

(1872–1952), American chemist * Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist * Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist * Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist * Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), the first woman to get her doctorate in chemistry in Germany *

Ellen Swallow Richards Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards (December 3, 1842 – March 30, 1911) was an American industrial and safety engineer, environmental chemist, and university faculty member in the United States during the 19th century. Her pioneering work i ...

(1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist *

Anna Volkova Anna Feodorovna Volkova (russian: Анна Федоровна Волкова; died 1876) was a Russian chemist known for her work in organic chemistry. Volkova was the first chemist to prepare pure ortho-toluene sulfonic acid, its acyl chloride, ...

(1800–1876), Russian chemist * Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist * Fanny Rysan Mulford Hitchcock (1851–1936), one of thirteen women to graduate with a degree in chemistry in the 1800s, and the first to graduate with a doctorate in philosophy of chemistry. Her areas of focus were in entomology, fish osteology, and plant

pathology Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in ...

20th century

* Elly Agallidis (1914–2006), Greek physical chemist * Nancy Allbritton, American analytical and biochemist * Valerie Ashby, American chemist * Barbara Askins (born 1939), American chemist *

Alice Ball Alice Augusta Ball (July 25, 1882 – December 31, 1916) was an American chemist who developed the "Ball Method", the most effective treatment for leprosy during the early 20th century. She was the first woman and first African American to rece ...

(1892–1916), American chemist *

Carolyn Bertozzi Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (born October 10, 1966) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry" for chemical reactions compatible with ...

(born 1966), American biochemist * Cynthia Burrows, American physical organic chemist * Asima Chatterjee (1917–2006), Indian organic chemist * Sherry Chemler (born 1972), American organic chemist *

Astrid Cleve Astrid Maria Cleve von Euler (22 January 1875 – 8 April 1968) was a Swedish botanist, geologist, chemist and researcher at Uppsala University. She was the first woman in Sweden to obtain a doctoral degree of science. Life Astrid Maria Cleve w ...

(1875–1968), Swedish chemist *

Mildred Cohn Mildred Cohn (July 12, 1913 – October 12, 2009) was an American biochemist who furthered understanding of biochemical processes through her study of chemical reactions within animal cells. She was a pioneer in the use of nuclear magnetic re ...

(1913–2009), American chemist * Janine Cossy (born 1950), French organic chemist *

Maria Skłodowska-Curie Marie Salomea Skłodowska–Curie ( , , ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska, ; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first ...

(1867–1934), Polish-French physicist and chemist (discoverer of

and

, pioneer in

radiology Radiology ( ) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiat ...

); Nobel laureate in physics 1903, and in chemistry 1911 * Jillian Lee Dempsey (born 1983), American chemist * Sheila DeWitt, American organic chemist * Vy M. Dong, American organic chemist * Abigail Doyle (born 1980), American organic chemist * Odile Eisenstein (born 1949), French, theoretical chemist * Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999), American biochemist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 for drug development) * Margaret Faul, Irish/American organic chemist * Mary Peters Fieser (1909–1997), American organic chemist * Marye Anne Fox (1947–2021), American physical organic chemist * Rosalind Franklin (1920–1957), British physical chemist and crystallographer *

Helen Murray Free Helen Murray Free (February 20, 1923 – May 1, 2021) was an American chemist and educator. She is most known for revolutionizing many in vitro self-testing systems for diabetes and other diseases while working at Miles Laboratories. The tests a ...

(1923–2021), American chemist * Gunda I. Georg, German-trained medicinal chemist, professor of medicinal chemistry in the US *

Ellen Gleditsch Ellen Gleditsch (29 December 1879 – 5 June 1968) was a Norwegian radiochemist and Norway's second female professor. Starting her career as an assistant to Marie Curie, she became a pioneer in radiochemistry, establishing the half-life of radiu ...

(1879–1968), Norwegian radiochemist * Paula T. Hammond(1963-), American chemical engineer, MIT professor *

Anna J. Harrison Anna Jane Harrison (December 23, 1912 – August 8, 1998) was an American organic chemist and a professor of chemistry at Mount Holyoke College for nearly forty years. She was the first female President of the American Chemical Society, and the ...

(1912–1998), American organic chemist *

Darleane C. Hoffman Darleane Christian Hoffman (born November 8, 1926) is an American nuclear chemist who was among the researchers who confirmed the existence of Seaborgium, element 106. She is a faculty senior scientist in the Nuclear Science Division of Lawrenc ...

(born 1926), American Nuclear chemist * Icie Hoobler (1892–1984), American biochemist *

(1910–1994), British crystallographer, Nobel prize in chemistry 1964 * Donna M. Huryn, American organic chemist * Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), German chemist * Allene Rosalind Jeanes (1906–1995), American organic chemist * Malika Jeffries-EL, American organic chemist *

(1897–1956), French chemist and nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 * Madeleine M. Joullié (born 1927), Brazilian, American organic chemist *

Isabella Karle Isabella Karle (December 2, 1921 – October 3, 2017) was an American chemist who was instrumental in developing techniques to extract plutonium chloride from a mixture containing plutonium oxide. For her scientific work, Karle received the Garva ...

(1921–2017), American crystallographer * Joyce Jacobson Kaufman (1929–2016), American chemist, Pharmacologist * Judith Klinman (born 1941), American biochemist * Marisa Kozlowski, American organic chemist * Stephanie Kwolek (1923–2014), American chemist, inventor of

Kevlar Kevlar (para-aramid) is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s a ...

Kathleen Lonsdale Dame Kathleen Lonsdale ( Yardley; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was an Irish-born British pacifist, prison reformer and crystallographer. She proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate t ...

(1903–1971), British crystallographer * Yvonne Connolly Martin (born 1936), American physical biochemist working on cheminformatics and computer-aided drug design in the US * Marie Marynard Daly (1921–2001), First African American woman to earn her PhD in the United States * Cynthia A. Maryanoff (born 1949), American organic/medicinal chemist * Elizabeth Moran, British chemist and

public analyst Public Analysts are scientists in the British Isles whose principal task is to ensure the safety and correct description of food by testing for compliance with legislation. Most Public Analysts are also Agricultural Analysts who carry out similar wo ...

Maud Menten Maud Leonora Menten (March 20, 1879 – July 17, 1960) was a Canadian physician and chemist. As a bio-medical and medical researcher, she made significant contributions to enzyme kinetics and histochemistry and invented a procedure that rema ...

(1879–1960), Canadian biochemist *

Helen Vaughn Michel Helen Vaughn Michel (born 1932) is an American chemist best known for her efforts in fields including analytical chemistry and archaeological science, and specific processes such as neutron activation analysis and radiocarbon dating. Her work ...

(born 1932), American nuclear chemist *

Alexandra Navrotsky Alexandra Navrotsky (born 20 June 1943 in New York City) is a physical chemist in the field of nanogeoscience. She is an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the American Philosophical Society (APS). She w ...

(born 1943), American geochemist * Dorothy Virginia Nightingale (1902–2000), American organic chemist * Yolanda Ortiz (chemist) (1924–2019), Argentine chemist, environmentalist * Kathlyn Parker, American organic chemist * Emma Parmee, British-born medicinal/organic chemist *

(1872–1952), American food chemist * Eva Philbin (1914–2005), Irish chemist * Iphigenia Photaki (1921–1983), Greek organic chemist * Darshan Ranganathan (1941–2001), Indian organic chemist * Mildred Rebstock (1919–2011), American Pharmaceutical chemist * Sibyl Martha Rock (1909–1981), American pioneer in mass spectrometry and computing *

Elizabeth Rona Elizabeth Rona (20 March 1890 – 27 July 1981) was a Hungarian nuclear chemist, known for her work with radioactive isotopes. After developing an enhanced method of preparing polonium samples, she was recognized internationally as the leading ...

(1890–1981), Hungarian (naturalized American) nuclear chemist and polonium expert *

Mary Swartz Rose Mary Swartz Rose (October 31, 1874 – February 1, 1941) was an American laboratory scientist and educator in the fields of nutrition and dietetics. Early life and education Mary Swartz Rose was born in Newark, Ohio, the first of five child ...

(1874–1941), Nutrition chemist *

Melanie Sanford Melanie Sarah Sanford (born June 16, 1975) is an American chemist, currently the Moses Gomberg Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Chemistry at the University of Michigan. She is a Fellow for the Ame ...

(born 1975), American organic chemist * Maxine L. Savitz (born 1937), organic and electrochemist *

Patsy Sherman Patsy O’Connell Sherman (September 15, 1930– February 11, 2008) was an American chemist and co-inventor of Scotchgard, a 3M brand of products, a stain repellent and durable water repellent. Early life Sherman was born in Minneapolis, M ...

(1930–2008), American chemist, co-inventor of

Scotchgard Scotchgard is a 3M brand of products, a stain and durable water repellent applied to fabric, furniture, and carpets to protect them from stains. Scotchgard products typically rely on organofluorine chemicals as the main active ingredient along ...

* Odette L. Shotwell (1922–1998), organic chemist * Jean'ne Shreeve (born 1933), American organic chemist * Dorothy Martin Simon (1919–2016), American physical chemist *

Susan Solomon Susan Solomon (born January 19, 1956 in Chicago) is an American atmospheric chemist, working for most of her career at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In 2011, Solomon joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech ...

(born 1956), Atmospheric chemist * JoAnne Stubbe (born 1946), American biochemist * Ida Noddack Tacke (1896–1978), German chemist and physicist * Giuliana Tesoro (1921–2002), Polymer chemist *

Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the first female British prime ...

(1925–2013), British chemist and Prime Minister * Jean Thomas, British biochemist (chromatin) * Martha J. B. Thomas (1926–2006), Analytical chemist and chemical engineer * Ann E. Weber, American organic/medicinal chemist *

Karen Wetterhahn Karen Elizabeth Wetterhahn (October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997), also known as Karen Wetterhahn Jennette, was an American professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, who specialized in toxic metal exposure. She died of mercu ...

(1948–1997), American metal toxicologist * Ruth R. Wexler (born 1955), American organic and medicinal chemist, discoverer of two marketed drugs * M. Christina White (born 1970), American organometallic chemist * Charlotte Williams, English inorganic chemist * Angela K. Wilson, American computational, theoretical, and physical chemist *

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay ...

(1921–2011), American biochemist * Jean Youatt (born 1925), Australian chemist, biochemist, and microbiologist *

Ada Yonath Ada E. Yonath ( he, עדה יונת, ; born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of ribosomes. She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular ...

(born 1939), Israeli crystallographer, Nobel prize in chemistry 2009 * Glaci Zancan (1935–2007), Brazilian biochemist, president of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of the Science (SBPC) from 1999 to 2003

21st century

* Emily Balskus (born 1980), American organic chemist and microbiologist * Paula T. Hammond (born 1963), American chemical engineer, MIT professor * Jeanne Hardy, American biophysicist and chemical biologist *Geraldine Harriman, American executive and medicinal chemist *

Rachel Haurwitz Rachel Elizabeth Haurwitz (born May 20, 1985) is an American biochemist and structural biologist. She is the co-founder, chief executive officer, and president of Caribou Biosciences, a genome editing company. Early life and education Haurwit ...

(born 1985), American biochemist and structural biologist * Katja Loos (born 1971), German polymer chemist working at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands * Lisa Marcaurelle, American synthetic chemist in industry * Catherine J. Murphy, American chemist *

Sarah O'Connor Sarah E. O'Connor is an American molecular biologist working to understand the molecular machinery involved in assembling important plant natural products – vinblastine, morphine, iridoids, secologanin – and how changing the enzymes involve ...

, American plant synthetic biologist working in England * Sarah E Reisman (born 1979), American organic chemist *

Seble Wagaw Seble-Hiwot Wagaw is an American organic chemist who is a senior leader at AbbVie pharmaceuticals outside Chicago, IL. Background and Education Wagaw was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and emigrated to the United States in 1974. Her father, Tesho ...

, American process chemist and pharma exec * Marcey Lynn Waters, American chemical biologist and supramolecular chemist * Jenny Y Yang, American chemist and clean energy researcher at UCI * Wendy Young, American chemist at Genentech * Jaqueline Kiplinger, American chemist working at the

Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL) is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, ...

References

{{Reflist

Chemists A chemist (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from Medieval Latin ''alchemist'') is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe th ...

Women chemists A woman is an adult female human. Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a girl (a female child or adolescent). The plural ''women'' is sometimes used in certain phrases such as "women's rights" to denote female humans regardl ...