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In the physical sciences, the wavenumber (or wave number), also known as repetency, is the
spatial frequency In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier tra ...
of a
wave In physics, mathematics, engineering, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from List of types of equilibrium, equilibrium) of one or more quantities. ''Periodic waves'' oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium ...
. Ordinary wavenumber is defined as the number of wave cycles divided by length; it is a
physical quantity A physical quantity (or simply quantity) is a property of a material or system that can be Quantification (science), quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as a ''value'', which is the algebraic multiplication of a ''nu ...
with
dimension In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus, a line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one coo ...
of
reciprocal length Reciprocal length or inverse length is a quantity or measurement used in several branches of science and mathematics, defined as the reciprocal of length. Common units used for this measurement include the reciprocal metre or inverse metre (symbo ...
, expressed in SI
units Unit may refer to: General measurement * Unit of measurement, a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law **International System of Units (SI), modern form of the metric system **English units, histo ...
of cycles per metre or reciprocal metre (m−1). Angular wavenumber, defined as the wave phase divided by time, is a quantity with dimension of
angle In Euclidean geometry, an angle can refer to a number of concepts relating to the intersection of two straight Line (geometry), lines at a Point (geometry), point. Formally, an angle is a figure lying in a Euclidean plane, plane formed by two R ...
per length and SI units of
radian The radian, denoted by the symbol rad, is the unit of angle in the International System of Units (SI) and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. It is defined such that one radian is the angle subtended at ...
s per metre. They are analogous to temporal
frequency Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio ...
, respectively the '' ordinary frequency'', defined as the number of wave cycles divided by time (in cycles per second or
reciprocal second The inverse second or reciprocal second (s−1), also called ''per second'', is a unit defined as the multiplicative inverse of the second (a unit of time). It is applicable for physical quantities of dimension reciprocal time, such as frequency ...
s), and the ''
angular frequency In physics, angular frequency (symbol ''ω''), also called angular speed and angular rate, is a scalar measure of the angle rate (the angle per unit time) or the temporal rate of change of the phase argument of a sinusoidal waveform or sine ...
'', defined as the phase angle divided by time (in radians per second). In multidimensional systems, the wavenumber is the magnitude of the ''
wave vector In physics, a wave vector (or wavevector) is a vector used in describing a wave, with a typical unit being cycle per metre. It has a magnitude and direction. Its magnitude is the wavenumber of the wave (inversely proportional to the wavelength) ...
''. The space of wave vectors is called ''
reciprocal space Reciprocal lattice is a concept associated with solids with translational symmetry which plays a major role in many areas such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray and Electron diffraction, electron diffraction as well as the Electronic band structure, e ...
''. Wave numbers and wave vectors play an essential role in
optics Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of optical instruments, instruments that use or Photodetector, detect it. Optics usually describes t ...
and the physics of wave
scattering In physics, scattering is a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiat ...
, such as
X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around atoms. It occurs due to elastic scattering, when there is no change in the energy of the waves. ...
,
neutron diffraction Neutron diffraction or elastic neutron scattering is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material. A sample to be examined is placed in a beam of Neutron temperature, thermal or ...
, electron diffraction, and
elementary particle In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a c ...
physics. For quantum mechanical waves, the wavenumber multiplied by the
reduced Planck constant The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h, is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a ...
is the '' canonical momentum''. Wavenumber can be used to specify quantities other than spatial frequency. For example, in optical spectroscopy, it is often used as a unit of temporal frequency assuming a certain
speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant exactly equal to ). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time i ...
.


Definition

Wavenumber, as used in
spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectro ...
and most chemistry fields, is defined as the number of
wavelength In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. In other words, it is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same ''phase (waves ...
s per unit distance: : \tilde \;=\; \frac, where ''λ'' is the wavelength. It is sometimes called the "spectroscopic wavenumber". It equals the
spatial frequency In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier tra ...
. In theoretical physics, an angular wave number, defined as the number of radians per unit distance is more often used: : k \;=\; \frac = 2\pi\tilde.


Units

The
SI unit The International System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviation SI (from French ), is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of units of measurement, system of measurement. It is the only system ...
of spectroscopic wavenumber is the reciprocal m, written m−1. However, it is more common, especially in
spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectro ...
, to give wavenumbers in cgs units i.e., reciprocal centimeters or cm−1, with : 1~\mathrm^ = 100~\mathrm^. Occasionally in older references, the unit ''kayser'' (after Heinrich Kayser) is used; it is abbreviated as ''K'' or ''Ky'', where 1K = 1cm−1. Angular wavenumber may be expressed in the unit
radian The radian, denoted by the symbol rad, is the unit of angle in the International System of Units (SI) and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. It is defined such that one radian is the angle subtended at ...
per meter (rad⋅m−1), or as above, since the
radian The radian, denoted by the symbol rad, is the unit of angle in the International System of Units (SI) and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. It is defined such that one radian is the angle subtended at ...
is
dimensionless Dimensionless quantities, or quantities of dimension one, are quantities implicitly defined in a manner that prevents their aggregation into units of measurement. ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0. Typically expressed as ratios that align with another sy ...
.


Unit conversions

The frequency of light with wavenumber \tilde is : f = \frac = c \tilde, where c is the
speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant exactly equal to ). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time i ...
. The conversion from spectroscopic wavenumber to frequency is therefore : 1~\mathrm^ :=29.979245~\mathrm. Wavenumber can also be used as
unit of energy Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, ...
, since a photon of frequency f has energy hf, where h is the
Planck constant The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h, is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a ...
. The energy of a photon with wavenumber \tilde is : E = hf = hc \tilde. The conversion from spectroscopic wavenumber to energy is therefore : 1~\mathrm^ := 1.986446 \times 10^~\mathrm = 1.239842 \times 10^~\mathrm where energy is expressed either in J or eV.


Complex

A complex-valued wavenumber can be defined for a medium with complex-valued relative
permittivity In electromagnetism, the absolute permittivity, often simply called permittivity and denoted by the Greek letter (epsilon), is a measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric material. A material with high permittivity polarizes more ...
\varepsilon_r, relative permeability \mu_r and refraction index ''n'' as: : k = k_0 \sqrt = k_0 n where ''k''0 is the free-space wavenumber, as above. The imaginary part of the wavenumber expresses attenuation per unit distance and is useful in the study of exponentially decaying
evanescent field In electromagnetics, an evanescent field, or evanescent wave, is an oscillating electric and/or magnetic field that does not propagate as an electromagnetic wave but whose energy is spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the source (oscillat ...
s.


Plane waves in linear media

The propagation factor of a sinusoidal plane wave propagating in the positive x direction in a linear material is given by : P = e^ where * k = k' - jk'' = \sqrt\; * k' =
phase constant The propagation constant of a sinusoidal electromagnetic wave is a measure of the change undergone by the amplitude and phase of the wave as it propagates in a given direction. The quantity being measured can be the voltage, the current in a ...
in the units of
radian The radian, denoted by the symbol rad, is the unit of angle in the International System of Units (SI) and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. It is defined such that one radian is the angle subtended at ...
s/meter * k'' = attenuation constant in the units of
neper The neper (symbol: Np) is a logarithmic unit for ratios of measurements of physical field and power quantities, such as gain and loss of electronic signals. The unit's name is derived from the name of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms. ...
s/meter * \omega = angular frequency * x = distance traveled in the ''x'' direction * \sigma = conductivity in
Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational technology conglomerate. It is focused on industrial automation, building automation, rail transport and health technology. Siemens is the largest engineering company in Europe, and holds the positi ...
/meter * \varepsilon = \varepsilon' - j\varepsilon'' =
complex permittivity In electromagnetism, the absolute permittivity, often simply called permittivity and denoted by the Greek letter ( epsilon), is a measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric material. A material with high permittivity polarizes mo ...
* \mu = \mu' - j\mu'' = complex permeability * j=\sqrt The sign convention is chosen for consistency with propagation in lossy media. If the attenuation constant is positive, then the wave amplitude decreases as the wave propagates in the x-direction.
Wavelength In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. In other words, it is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same ''phase (waves ...
,
phase velocity The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the wave propagates in any medium. This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels. For such a component, any given phase of the wave (for example, t ...
, and
skin depth In electromagnetism, skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor and decreases exponentially with gre ...
have simple relationships to the components of the wavenumber: : \lambda = \frac \qquad v_p = \frac \qquad \delta = \frac 1


In wave equations

Here we assume that the wave is regular in the sense that the different quantities describing the wave such as the wavelength, frequency and thus the wavenumber are constants. See wavepacket for discussion of the case when these quantities are not constant. In general, the angular wavenumber ''k'' (i.e. the magnitude of the
wave vector In physics, a wave vector (or wavevector) is a vector used in describing a wave, with a typical unit being cycle per metre. It has a magnitude and direction. Its magnitude is the wavenumber of the wave (inversely proportional to the wavelength) ...
) is given by : k = \frac = \frac=\frac where ''ν'' is the frequency of the wave, ''λ'' is the wavelength, ''ω'' = 2''πν'' is the
angular frequency In physics, angular frequency (symbol ''ω''), also called angular speed and angular rate, is a scalar measure of the angle rate (the angle per unit time) or the temporal rate of change of the phase argument of a sinusoidal waveform or sine ...
of the wave, and ''v''p is the
phase velocity The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the wave propagates in any medium. This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels. For such a component, any given phase of the wave (for example, t ...
of the wave. The dependence of the wavenumber on the frequency (or more commonly the frequency on the wavenumber) is known as a
dispersion relation In the physical sciences and electrical engineering, dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion on the properties of waves in a medium. A dispersion relation relates the wavelength or wavenumber of a wave to its frequency. Given the ...
. For the special case of an
electromagnetic wave In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field that carries momentum and radiant energy through space. It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by frequency or its inverse, wavelength, ...
in a vacuum, in which the wave propagates at the speed of light, ''k'' is given by: : k = \frac = \frac where ''E'' is the
energy Energy () is the physical quantity, quantitative physical property, property that is transferred to a physical body, body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of Work (thermodynamics), work and in the form of heat and l ...
of the wave, ''ħ'' is the
reduced Planck constant The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h, is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a ...
, and ''c'' is the
speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted , is a universal physical constant exactly equal to ). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time i ...
in a vacuum. For the special case of a
matter wave Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being half of wave–particle duality. At all scales where measurements have been practical, matter exhibits wave-like behavior. For example, a beam of electrons can be diffract ...
, for example an electron wave, in the non-relativistic approximation (in the case of a free particle, that is, the particle has no potential energy): : k \equiv \frac = \frac= \frac Here ''p'' is the
momentum In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (: momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. ...
of the particle, ''m'' is the
mass Mass is an Intrinsic and extrinsic properties, intrinsic property of a physical body, body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the physical quantity, quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physi ...
of the particle, ''E'' is the
kinetic energy In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion. In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass ''m'' traveling at a speed ''v'' is \fracmv^2.Resnick, Rober ...
of the particle, and ''ħ'' is the
reduced Planck constant The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h, is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a ...
. Wavenumber is also used to define the
group velocity The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave's amplitudes—known as the ''modulation'' or ''envelope (waves), envelope'' of the wave—propagates through space. For example, if a stone is thro ...
.


In spectroscopy

In
spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectro ...
, "wavenumber" \tilde (in reciprocal centimeters, cm−1) refers to a temporal frequency (in hertz) which has been divided by the speed of light in vacuum (usually in centimeters per second, cm⋅s−1): : \tilde = \frac = \frac. The historical reason for using this spectroscopic wavenumber rather than frequency is that it is a convenient unit when studying atomic spectra by counting fringes per cm with an
interferometer Interferometry is a technique which uses the '' interference'' of superimposed waves to extract information. Interferometry typically uses electromagnetic waves and is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber opt ...
: the spectroscopic wavenumber is the reciprocal of the wavelength of light in vacuum: : \lambda_ = \frac, which remains essentially the same in air, and so the spectroscopic wavenumber is directly related to the angles of light scattered from
diffraction grating In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical grating with a periodic structure that diffraction, diffracts light, or another type of electromagnetic radiation, into several beams traveling in different directions (i.e., different diffractio ...
s and the distance between fringes in
interferometer Interferometry is a technique which uses the '' interference'' of superimposed waves to extract information. Interferometry typically uses electromagnetic waves and is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber opt ...
s, when those instruments are operated in air or vacuum. Such wavenumbers were first used in the calculations of Johannes Rydberg in the 1880s. The Rydberg–Ritz combination principle of 1908 was also formulated in terms of wavenumbers. A few years later spectral lines could be understood in quantum theory as differences between energy levels, energy being proportional to wavenumber, or frequency. However, spectroscopic data kept being tabulated in terms of spectroscopic wavenumber rather than frequency or energy. For example, the spectroscopic wavenumbers of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen are given by the
Rydberg formula In atomic physics, the Rydberg formula calculates the wavelengths of a spectral line in many chemical elements. The formula was primarily presented as a generalization of the Balmer series for all atomic electron transitions of hydrogen. It was ...
: : \tilde = R\left(\frac - \frac\right), where ''R'' is the Rydberg constant, and ''n''i and ''n''f are the
principal quantum number In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (''n'') of an electron in an atom indicates which electron shell or energy level it is in. Its values are natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...). Hydrogen and Helium, at their lowest energies, have just ...
s of the initial and final levels respectively (''n''i is greater than ''n''f for emission). A spectroscopic wavenumber can be converted into energy per photon ''E'' by Planck's relation: : E = hc\tilde. It can also be converted into wavelength of light: : \lambda = \frac, where ''n'' is the
refractive index In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is the ratio of the apparent speed of light in the air or vacuum to the speed in the medium. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refrac ...
of the medium. Note that the wavelength of light changes as it passes through different media, however, the spectroscopic wavenumber (i.e., frequency) remains constant. Often spatial frequencies are stated by some authors "in wavenumbers", incorrectly transferring the name of the quantity to the CGS unit cm−1 itself.


See also

*
Angular wavelength In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. In other words, it is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same '' phase'' on ...
*
Spatial frequency In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier tra ...
*
Refractive index In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is the ratio of the apparent speed of light in the air or vacuum to the speed in the medium. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refrac ...
* Zonal wavenumber


References


External links

* {{Authority control Wave mechanics Scalar physical quantities Units of frequency Quotients