Troctomorpha is one of the three major suborders of

Psocodea Psocodea is a taxonomic group of insects comprising the bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice. It was formerly considered a superorder, but is now generally considered by entomologists as an order. Despite the greatly differing appearance of ...

(formerly

Psocoptera Psocoptera are a paraphyletic group of insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. The name Psocoptera has been replaced with Psocodea in recent literature, with the inclusion of the former order Phthiraptera into Psocode ...

)(barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice), alongside

Psocomorpha Psocomorpha is a suborder of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera). There are more than 20 families and 5,300 described species in Psocomorpha. Phylogeny The below cladogram of Psocodea shows the pos ...

and

Trogiomorpha Trogiomorpha is one of the three major suborders of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), alongside Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha. There are about 8 families and more than 430 described species in Tro ...

. There are more than 30 families and 5,800 described species in Troctomorpha. The order includes parasitic lice, which are most closely related to the booklice family

Liposcelididae Liposcelididae (historically often referred to as "Liposcelidae") is a family of booklice of the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), belonging to the suborder Troctomorpha. Members of this family are small and flattened, and often wingless. Th ...

Cladogram

Cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

showing the position of Troctomorpha within

Fossil record

The oldest record of the suborder is suggested to be '' Paramesopsocus adibi,'' known from the

Late Jurassic The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time from 163.5 ± 1.0 to 145.0 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.Owen 1987. In European lithostratigraphy, the name ...

Karabastau Formation The Karabastau Formation ( kk, Qarabastaý svıtasy) is a geological formation and lagerstätte in the Karatau Mountains of southern Kazakhstan whose strata date to the Middle to Late Jurassic. It is an important locality for insect fossils that ...

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

Classification

Troctomorpha contains the following subgroups: * Infraorder:

Amphientometae Amphientometae is an infraorder of psocids, one of two major division of the Troctomorpha within the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera). There are about 7 families and at least 230 described species in Amphientometae. Families These seven fam ...

** Family: Amphientomidae Enderlein, 1903 (tropical barklice) ** Family:

Compsocidae Compsocidae is a family of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera) belonging to the suborder Troctomorpha. The family comprises two extant species in two genera, both found in Mesoamerica. ''Compsocus elegans'' is found in Mexico and Central America, wh ...

Mockford, 1967 ** Family: Electrentomidae Enderlein, 1911 ** Family: Manicapsocidae Mockford, 1967 ** Family: Musapsocidae Mockford, 1967 ** Family: Protroctopsocidae Smithers, 1972 ** Family: Troctopsocidae Mockford, 1967 * Infraorder:

Nanopsocetae Nanopsocetae is one of two major divisions of Troctomorpha in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), alongside Amphientometae. There are more than 20 families and 5,200 described species in Nanopsocetae. Taxonomy The clade contains four maj ...

** Family:

Broadhead, 1950 (booklice) ** Family:

Pachytroctidae Pachytroctidae is a family of thick barklice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera). There are about 15 genera and at least 90 described species in Pachytroctidae. Members of this family are small, often macropterous, with a distinct win ...

Enderlein, 1904 (thick barklice) ** Family:

Sphaeropsocidae Sphaeropsocidae is a family of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), belonging to the suborder Troctomorpha. Females of this family have reduced, beetle-like elytra, and lack hindwings, with males have either small or absent wings. The family compris ...

Menon, 1941 ** Parvorder:

Phthiraptera Louse ( : lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been recognized as an order, infraorder, or a parvorder, as a result of ...

*** Superfamily:

Amblycera The Amblycera are a large clade of chewing lice, parasitic on both birds and mammals. The Amblycera are considered the most primitive clade of lice. Description These insects are very much like the familiar advanced sucking lice, except they ...

**** Family: Ancistronidae **** Family: Boopiidae Mjoberg, 1910 **** Family: Colpocephalidae Eichler, 1937 **** Family: Gliricolidae **** Family: Gyropidae Kellogg, 1896 **** Family:

Laemobothriidae The Laemobothriidae are a family of a larger group Amblycera of the chewing lice. Most commonly they are ectoparasites of birds. The genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil ...

Mjoberg, 1910 **** Family:

Menoponidae Menoponidae is a monophyletic family of lice in the superfamily of chewing lice, Amblycera, often referred to as the chicken body louse family. They are ectoparasites of a wide range of birds including chickens, which makes them important to ...

Mjoberg, 1910 (chicken body lice) **** Family: Pseudomenoponidae Mjoberg, 1910 **** Family:

Ricinidae The Ricinidae are a family of a larger group Amblycera of the chewing lice. Most commonly they are ectoparasites of birds. The family includes the genus ''Ricinus ''Ricinus communis'', the castor bean or castor oil plant, is a species of p ...

Neumann, 1890 **** Family: Somaphantidae Eichler, 1941 **** Family: Trimenoponidae **** Family: Trinotonidae Eichler, 1941 *** Superfamily:

Anoplura Sucking lice (Anoplura, formerly known as Siphunculata) have around 500 species and represent the smaller of the two traditional superfamily (taxonomy), superfamilies of lice. As opposed to the paraphyletic chewing lice, which are now divided amo ...

**** Family:

Echinophthiriidae Echinophthiriidae is a family of lice in the suborder Anoplura, the sucking lice. This family of lice are parasites of seals and the river otter, and are the only insects that infest aquatic hosts.Leonardi, M. S., et al. (2012)Scanning electr ...

Enderlein, 1904 (seal lice) **** Family: Enderleinellidae Ewing, 1929 **** Family: Haematopinidae Enderlein, 1904 (ungulate lice) **** Family: Hamophthiriidae Johnson, 1969 **** Family: Hoplopleuridae Ewing, 1929 (armoured lice) **** Family: Hybothiridae Ewing, 1929 **** Family:

Linognathidae Linognathidae is a family of lice in the order Psocodea. There are at least 3 genera and 70 described species in Linognathidae. Genera These three genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of li ...

Webb, 1946 (pale lice) **** Family: Microthoraciidae Kim & Lugwig, 1978 **** Family: Neolinognathidae Fahrenholz, 1936 **** Family: Pecaroecidae Kéler, 1963 **** Family: Pedicinidae Enderlein, 1904 **** Family:

Pediculidae ''Pediculus'' is a genus of sucking lice, the sole genus in the family Pediculidae. ''Pediculus'' species are ectoparasites of primates. Species include: *''Pediculus clavicornis'' Nitzsch, 1864 *''Pediculus humanus'' Linnaeus, 1758 **''Pediculu ...

Leach, 1817 (body lice, head lice) **** Family:

Polyplacidae Polyplacidae is a family of lice in the suborder Anoplura, the sucking lice. Lice in this family are known commonly as the spiny rat lice. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution. As of 2010 there were 193 species.Light, J. E., et al. (2010 ...

Fahrenholz, 1912 (spiny rat lice) **** Family:

Pthiridae ''Pthirus'' is a genus of lice. There are only two extant species, and they are the sole known members of the family Pthiridae. '' Pthirus gorillae'' infests gorillas, and '' Pthirus pubis'' afflicts humans, and is commonly known as the crab lo ...

Ewing, 1929 (crab lice or pubic lice) **** Family: Ratemiidae Kim & Lugwig, 1978 *** Superfamily:

Ischnocera The Ischnocera is a large superfamily of lice. They are mostly parasitic on birds, but including a large family (the Trichodectidae) parasitic on mammals. The genus '' Trichophilopterus'' is also found on mammals (lemurs), but probably belongs ...

(

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

) **** Family: Bovicolidae **** Family: Dasyonygidae **** Family: Goniodidae **** Family: Heptapsogasteridae **** Family: Lipeuridae **** Family:

Philopteridae The Philopteridae are a family of Ischnocera, chewing lice mostly parasitic on birds. The taxonomy and systematics of the group are in need of revision; the Philopteridae are almost certainly paraphyletic. Genera Some notable species are also l ...

Nitzsch, 1818 (

) **** Family:

Trichodectidae Trichodectidae is a family of louse in the suborder Ischnocera. Its species are parasites Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it ...

**** Family: Trichophilopteridae *** Superfamily: Rhyncophthirina **** Family: Haematomyzidae Enderlein, 1904

Cladogram

Fossil record

Classification

References

Further reading