The translations of ''

One Thousand and One Nights ''One Thousand and One Nights'' ( ar, أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ, italic=yes, ) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the ''Arabian ...

'' have been made into virtually every major language of the world. They include the French translation by

Antoine Galland Antoine Galland (; 4 April 1646 – 17 February 1715) was a French orientalist and archaeologist, most famous as the first European translator of '' One Thousand and One Nights'', which he called ''Les mille et une nuits''. His version of the t ...

(titled ''

Les mille et une nuits ''Les mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français'' ("The Thousand and One Nights, Arab stories translated into French"), published in 12 volumes between 1704 and 1717, was the first European version of ''The Thousand and One Nights' ...

'', finished in 1717). Galland's translation was essentially based on a medieval Arabic manuscript of Syrian origins, supplemented by oral tales recorded by him in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

from a

Maronite The Maronites ( ar, الموارنة; syr, ܡܖ̈ܘܢܝܐ) are a Christian ethnoreligious group native to the Eastern Mediterranean and Levant region of the Middle East, whose members traditionally belong to the Maronite Church, with the larges ...

Arab from

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

named

Hanna Diyab Antun Yusuf Hanna Diyab ( ar, اَنْطون يوسُف حَنّا دِياب, Anṭūn Yūsuf Ḥannā Diyāb; born ''circa'' 1688) was a Syrian Maronite writer and storyteller. He is the origin of the famous tales of '' Aladdin'' and ''Ali Baba ...

. The first English translation appeared in 1706 and was made from Galland's version; being anonymous, it is known as the

Grub Street Until the early 19th century, Grub Street was a street close to London's impoverished Moorfields district that ran from Fore Street east of St Giles-without-Cripplegate north to Chiswell Street. It was pierced along its length with narrow entr ...

edition. It exists in two known copies kept in the

Bodleian Library The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It derives its name from its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second- ...

and in the

Princeton University Library Princeton University Library is the main library system of Princeton University. With holdings of more than 7 million books, 6 million microforms, and 48,000 linear feet of manuscripts, it is among the largest libraries in the world by number of ...

. Since then several English reissues appeared simultaneously in 1708. As early as the end of the 18th century the English translation based on Galland was brought to Halifax,

Montreal Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-most populous city in Canada and List of towns in Quebec, most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian ...

Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

and

Sydney Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...

. Galland-based English translations were superseded by that made by

Edward William Lane Edward William Lane (17 September 1801 – 10 August 1876) was a British orientalist, translator and lexicographer. He is known for his ''Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians'' and the '' Arabic-English Lexicon,'' as well as his translati ...

in 1839–41. In the 1880s an unexpurgated and complete English translation, ''

The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night ''The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night'' (1888), subtitled ''A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights Entertainments'', is the only complete English language translation of '' One Thousand and One Nights'' (the ''Arabian N ...

'', was made by

Richard Francis Burton Sir Richard Francis Burton (; 19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890) was a British explorer, writer, orientalist scholar,and soldier. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as well as his extraordinary kn ...

. The original scattered Arabic texts were collected in four corpuses: the so-called Calcutta I or the Shirwanee Edition (1814–18, 2 volumes), Bulaq or the Cairo Edition (1835, 2 volumes), Breslau Edition (1825–38, 8 volumes) and Calcutta II or the W.H. Macnaghten Edition (1839–42, 4 volumes). Some translations starting from Galland were

censored Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments ...

due to lewd content.

French translations

Galland

Galland based his translation on what is now known as the

Galland Manuscript The three-volume Galland Manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MSS arabes 3609, 3610 and 3611), sometimes also referred to as the Syrian Manuscript, is the earliest extensive manuscript of the ''Thousand and One Nights'' (the only earlier wit ...

, a three-volume (or perhaps once four-volume) manuscript from the fourteenth or fifteenth century now kept in the

National Library of France National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...

. He published his translation in a twelve-volume set between 1704 and 1717. Galland's translation altered the style, tone and content of the Arabic text. Designed to appeal, it omitted sophisticated or dark elements while enhancing exotic and magical elements and became the basis of most children's versions of ''One Thousand and One Nights''.

Mardrus

In 1926–1932 a lavishly decorated 12-volume edition of

J. C. Mardrus Joseph Charles Mardrus, otherwise known as "Jean-Charles Mardrus" (1868–1949), was a French physician, poet, and a noted translator. Today he is best known for his translation of the ''Thousand and One Nights'' from Arabic language, Arabic into ...

' translation, titled ''

Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit ''Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit'' (English: ''The Book of One Thousand and One Nights'') is a 12-volume French translation of ''One Thousand and One Nights'' by J. C. Mardrus. The volumes, 298×228 mm each, were published in 1926–1932 ...

'', appeared. Soviet and Russian scholar Isaak Filshtinsky, however, considered Mardrus' translation inferior to others due to presence of chunks of text, which Mardrus conceived himself to satisfy the tastes of his time. According to Robert Irwin, "Mardrus took elements which were there in the original Arabic and worked them up, exaggerating and inventing, reshaping the ''Nights'' in such a manner that the stories appear at times to have been written by

Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is ...

Stéphane Mallarmé Stéphane Mallarmé ( , ; 18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), pen name of Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of ...

". In response to criticism of his translation by academic Arabists, Mardrus promised to produce a tome of learned commentary and justificatory pieces which he, however, failed to do.

Russian translations

The first Russian translation of ''One Thousand and One Nights'', in

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

: (''Týsjača i odná nočʹ''), was made by Alexey Filatyev in 1763–1774. It was based on Galland's translation and consisted of 12 volumes. Later Russian translations were also based on European translations. For instance, a three-volume translation by Yulia Doppelmayr (1889–1890) was based on Galland, the six-volume translation by Lyudmila Shelgunova (1894) was based on that by Edward William Lane and an anonymous translation (1902–1903) was based on Mardrus. The first Russian translation directly from the Arabic source (from Calcutta II) was made by Mikhail Salye and published in eight volumes by

Academia An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...

in 1929–1939. Salye also translated into Russian seven tales not contained in Calcutta II (from the manuscript in the

National Library of Russia The National Library of Russia (NLR, russian: Российская национальная библиотека}), located in Saint Petersburg, is the first, and one of three national public libraries in Russia. The NLR is currently ranked amo ...

English translations

Unlike the Grub Street version, Jonathan Scott made the first

literal translation Literal translation, direct translation or word-for-word translation, is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In Translation studies, trans ...

of Galland. This rendition, entitled ''The Arabian Nights Entertainments'', appeared in 1811. Henry Torrens would later translate the first fifty nights from Calcutta II, which were published in 1838. Having heard that

had begun his own translation, Torrens abandoned his work. Lane translated from the Bulaq corpus. In his opinion, "Galland adexcessively perverted the work". According to Lane, Galland's "acquaintance with Arab manners and customs was insufficient to preserve him always from errors of the grossest description". Working with the Bulaq corpus, Lane occasionally crosschecked against Calcutta I and Breslau corpus. His translation, however, became incomplete. In 1923 a translation by

Edward Powys Mathers Edward Powys Mathers (28 August 1892 – 3 February 1939) was an English translator and poet, and also a pioneer of compiling advanced cryptic crosswords. Powys Mathers was born in Forest Hill, London, the son of Edward Peter Mathers, newsp ...

based on the French translation by

appeared. Another translation attempt was made by John Payne (''The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night'', 1882–84). Payne printed only 500 copies, for private distribution, and ceded the work to

. Burton's translation (''

'', 1885–88) enjoyed huge public success, but was also criticised for its use of archaic language and excessive erotic detail. According to Ulrich Marzolph, as of 2004, Burton's translation remained the most complete version of ''One Thousand and One Nights'' in English. It is generally considered one of the finest unexpurgated translations from Calcutta II. It stood as the only complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition (Egyptian recension) until the Malcolm C. and Ursula Lyons translation published in 2008.

Sir ''Sir'' is a formal honorific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages. Both are derived from the old French "Sieur" (Lord), brought to England by the French-speaking Normans, and which now exist in French only as p ...

(with supplements from

William Forsell Kirby William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist. Life He was born in Leicester. He was the eldest son of Samuel Kirby, who was a banker. He was educated privately, and became interested ...

and

William Alexander Clouston William Alexander Clouston (1843 – 23 October 1896) was a Scottish 19th century folklorist from Orkney.The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night ''The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night'' (1888), subtitled ''A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights Entertainments'', is the only complete English language translation of '' One Thousand and One Nights'' (the ''Arabian N ...

'' in 16 or 17 volumes (unexpurgated from various editions and corpuses but mainly based on the Calcutta II edition - Egyptian recension, in 1885–88). A new English language translation was published in November 2021, the first solely by a female author,

Yasmine Seale Yasmine Seale (b. 1989) is a British-Syrian writer and literary translator who works in English, Arabic, and French. She is the first woman to translate the entirety of ''The Arabian Nights'' from French and Arabic''.'' In addition to her written ...

, which removes Burton's added sexist and racist references. The new translation includes all the tales from Hanna Diyab and additionally includes stories previously omitted featuring female protagonists, such as tales about Parizade, Pari Banu, and the

horror Horror may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Genres *Horror fiction, a genre of fiction ** Japanese horror, Japanese horror fiction **Korean horror, Korean horror fiction * Horror film, a film genre *Horror comics, comic books focusing o ...

story Sidi Numan.

Partial or incomplete translations

#Anonymous from

based on

- The Arabian Nights' Entertainments (1706–21) # Jonathan Scott - ''The Arabian Nights Entertainments'' (1811) #Henry Torrens - The first 50 Nights Calcutta II Edition (1838) #

- The Bulaq corpus along with the Calcutta I and Breslau corpus (1838–40) # John Payne - ''The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night'' (unexpurgated) (1882–84) #

based on

in 4 volumes (1923) #Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons - The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1001 Nights published by

Penguin Books Penguin Books is a British publishing, publishing house. It was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers The Bodley Head, only becoming a separate company the following year.Yasmine Seale Yasmine Seale (b. 1989) is a British-Syrian writer and literary translator who works in English, Arabic, and French. She is the first woman to translate the entirety of ''The Arabian Nights'' from French and Arabic''.'' In addition to her written ...

- The Annotated Arabian Nights: Tales from 1001 Nights (

Liveright Publishing Boni & Liveright (pronounced "BONE-eye" and "LIV-right") is an American trade book publisher established in 1917 in New York City by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright. Over the next sixteen years the firm, which changed its name to Horace Liv ...

, 2021)

German translations

In 1825 a Galland-based translation was made by Maximilian Habicht.

Duncan Black MacDonald Duncan Black MacDonald (1863-1943) was an American Orientalist. He studied Semitic languages at Glasgow and then Berlin, before teaching at the Hartford Theological Seminary in the United States starting in 1893, founding the first school in the U.S ...

later showed that the Tunisian provenance of a manuscript Habicht claimed to use during the translation was a forgery by Habicht. In 1839–1842 ''One Thousand and One Nights'' were translated into German by

Gustav Weil Gustav Weil (25 April 1808 – 29 August 1889) was a German orientalist. Biography Weil was born in Sulzburg, then part of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Being destined for the rabbinate, he was taught Hebrew, as well as German and French; and he re ...

. From 1895 to 1897, Max Henning published another German translation in 24 small volumes; the first seven volumes were based on the Bulaq edition, while volumes 18–24 were largely translated from Richard Francis Burton. In 1912–13 another translation was made by Felix Paul Greve. In 1921–1928,

Enno Littmann Ludwig Richard Enno Littmann (16 September 1875, Oldenburg – 4 May 1958, Tübingen) was a German orientalist. In 1906 he succeeded Theodor Nöldeke as chair of Oriental languages at the University of Strasbourg. Later on, he served as a profess ...

produced a six-volume translation of the whole ''One Thousand and One Nights'' based on Calcutta II into German. This included the poetry contained in the text. He translated one lewd portion into Latin, rather than German. Nonetheless, Isaak Filshtinsky considered Littmann's translation to be "the most complete and accomplished". Robert Irwin pronounced it "the best German translation". In 2004,

C. H. Beck Verlag C. H. BECK oHG, doing business as Publishers C. H. Beck (german: Verlag C. H. Beck), is a German publisher with its headquarters in Munich and a branch office in Frankfurt. The company was established in 1763. Historically, its headquarte ...

published a translation by Claudia Ott of the critical edition of the

Muhsin Mahdi Muḥsin Sayyid Mahdī al-Mashhadani ( ar, محسن مهدي; cited Muhsin S. Mahdi) (June 21, 1926 – July 9, 2007) was an Iraqi-American islamology, Islamologist and Arabist. He was a leading authority on Arabian history, philology, and philosop ...

. Ott won the

Johann-Friedrich-von-Cotta-Literatur- und Übersetzerpreis der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart The Johann-Friedrich-von-Cotta-Literatur- und Übersetzerpreis der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart is a literary prize awarded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, awarded every three years to writers and translators. The prize is endowed with €20,000. W ...

for her translation.

Dutch translations

There have been several Dutch translations made from the French editions of Galland and Mardrus. In 1999 the final volume of "De vertellingen van duizend-en-één nacht" was published; the first and so far only Dutch translation from the Arabic texts by Dr. Richard van Leeuwen. For his translation Van Leeuwen used the Bulaq-edition (Cairo 1835), the Calcutta-edition (1842) and the edition by Mahdi (Leiden 1984).

Italian translation

In 1949 Arabist

Francesco Gabrieli Francesco Gabrieli (27 April 1904, in Rome – 13 December 1996, in Rome) was counted among the most distinguished Italian Arabists together with Giorgio Levi Della Vida and Alessandro Bausani, of whom he was respectively a student and collea ...

, who headed the team of anonymous translators, produced the four-volume Italian translation, based on Bulaq collated with Calcutta II.

Spanish translations

The stories about

Sinbad the Sailor Sinbad the Sailor (; ar, سندباد البحري, Sindibādu al-Bahriyy; fa, سُنباد بحری, Sonbād-e Bahri or Sindbad) is a fictional mariner and the hero of a story-cycle of Persian origin. He is described as hailing from Baghdad ...

were translated into Spanish already in 1253. Older Spanish translations were made particularly by Pedro Pedraza (from Galland),

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (, 29 January 1867 – 28 January 1928) was a journalist, politician and bestselling Spanish novelist in various genres whose most widespread and lasting fame in the English-speaking world is from Hollywood films that were ...

(from Mardrus), Eugenio Sanz del Valle, and Luis Aguirre Prado, Alfredo Domínguez (from Mardrus). More accurate translations were made by

Rafael Cansinos Asséns Rafael may refer to: * Rafael (given name) or Raphael, a name of Hebrew origin * Rafael, California * Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Israeli manufacturer of weapons and military technology * Hurricane Rafael, a 2012 hurricane Fiction * ''R ...

and the Arabists

Juan Vernet Juan Vernet Ginés or Joan Vernet i Ginés (1923 - 2011) was a Spanish science historian, Arabist and professor at the University of Barcelona for over thirty years. He was the pupil and intellectual heir of orientalist Maria Millàs Vallicrosa. ...

, Juan A.G. Larraya and Leonor Martínez Martín or Salvador Peña.

Japanese translations

''One Thousand and One Nights'' appeared in Japanese in as early as 1875 – the two-volume translation, made by , was titled and published by in Tokyo. In the preface Nagamine wrote that he used G. F. Townsend's ''The Arabian Nights's Entertainments'', which was based on Jonathan Scott's English translation of Galland. Nagamine also used Edward William Lane's English translation as a supplement. The second Japanese translation by Inoue Tsutomu, titled ''Zensekai ichidai kisho'' (''The Most Curious Book in the Whole World''), appeared in 1883 and became more popular than Nagamine's. Subsequently other Japanese translations were made, but the first complete Japanese translation from Arabic was published in 1976–92 by Shinji Maejima and Ikeda Osamu, in nineteen volumes (titled ''Arabian Naito'').

Chinese translations

A selection of stories from ''One Thousand and One Nights'', titled ''Yi Qian Ling Yi Ye（一千零一夜）'' appeared in 1900. In 1906 a four-volume translation was made by Xi Ruo（奚若）, published in Shanghai. In the 1930 new translations, primarily from Bulaq, appeared under the title ''Yi Qian Ling Yi Ye''. In that period a five-volume translation by Na Xun（纳训） was made. In the 1950s Na Xun produced another, three-volume translation titled ''Yi Qian Ling Yi Ye''. In 1982 a six-volume Beijing edition of Na Xun was published. It became the source of the 1980s two-volume translation titled ''Tian Fang Ye Tan（天方夜譚）'', which appeared in

Taipei Taipei (), officially Taipei City, is the capital and a special municipality of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Located in Northern Taiwan, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about southwest of the n ...

Hebrew translations

In the years 1947-1971 Arabist

Yosef Yoel Rivlin Yosef Yoel Rivlin (, 11 October 1889–April 15, 1971) was an Israeli Oriental studies scholar, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a member of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. Biography Yosef Yoel Rivlin was born in Jerus ...

produced a 32-volume Hebrew translation, based mainly on Bulaq. A selection of stories, translated by Hanna Amit-Kohavi, appeared in two volumes, in the years 2008 and 2011, under the title ''Leylot Arav''.

Kashmiri translations

''Aalif Laila'', a translation of the stories in

Kashmiri Kashmiri may refer to: * People or things related to the Kashmir Valley or the broader region of Kashmir * Kashmiris, an ethnic group native to the Kashmir Valley * Kashmiri language, their language People with the name * Kashmiri Saikia Baruah ...

was done by Mohiuddin Hajni in 1969. It published by the

Sahitya Akademi The Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, is an organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. Founded on 12 March 1954, it is supported by, though independent of, the Indian government. Its of ...

- the Indian national academy of letters.

Catalan translations

A complete translation in

Catalan language Catalan (; autonym: , ), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as ''Valencian'' (autonym: ), is a Western Romance language. It is the official language of Andorra, and an official language of three autonomous communities in eastern Spa ...

, by arabists Margarida Castells and Dolors Cinca, was published in 1999: ''Les mil i una nits'' (Barcelona: Edicions Proa, / ), in three volumes. It is based in Bulaq edition and includes, as an appendix, the apocryphal tales from Galland. It has been the base for several published antologies.

Bosnian translations

In the year 1999 4-volume of Bosnian translation was published. Bulaq version was translated by Esad Durakovic during the siege of Sarajevo.

Telugu translations

''Veyyinnokka Ratrulu'' (2003), a translation of the stories in

Telugu Telugu may refer to: * Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India *Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India * Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language ** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode S ...

was published by the

- the Indian national academy of letters. The translation work was done by writer Ghandikota Brahmaji Rao.

Malayalam translations

Ayirathonnu Raavukal
' (2011), a single volume translation of the ''Nights'' was published by

Mathrubhumi Books ''Mathrubhumi'' is a Malayalam newspaper that is published from Kerala, India. It was founded by K. P. Kesava Menon, an active volunteer in the Indian freedom struggle against the British. The word "Mathrubhumi" translates to 'mother land'. I ...

Malayalam Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. Malayalam was des ...

with Indian literary critic

M. Achuthan Mukkuttiparambil Achuthan (15 June 1930 – 9 April 2017) was an Indian academic, orator, and literary critic of Malayalam literature. Known for his works viz. ''Swathanthrya Samaravum Malayala Sahithyavum'', ''Paschathya Sahitya Darshanam'' and ...

serving as its editor. Another translation in Malayalam, ''Ayirathonnu Rathrikal'' by M. P. Sadasivan, was published by

DC Books DC Books is a publisher in Kerala publisher of books in Malayalam, and one of the publishers in India . It also operates one of the largest book store chains in India, with a network of over 45 bookshops under the DC Books and Current Books b ...

in 2008. ''Meenaketanacharitram'' (1850–1860), a story by Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma, the ruler of the Indian

princely state A princely state (also called native state or Indian state) was a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj, British Indian Empire that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule, ...

Travancore The Kingdom of Travancore ( /ˈtrævənkɔːr/), also known as the Kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor, was an Indian kingdom from c. 1729 until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, and later Thiruvananthapuram. At ...

, was loosely based on

's translation of "The Story of the Prince Kamar-Ez-Zeman and the Princess Budoor" from the ''Nights''.

Slovenian translation

In the year 2019 3-volume of Slovenian translation was published. Calcutta II version was translated by Mohsen and Margit Alhady.Slovenian translation
/ref>

Notes

References

* * * *

External links

* * * *

including the Sir Richard Francis Burton unexpurgated translation and John Payne translation, with additional material.
''1001 Nights''

''The Arabian Nights Entertainments''
Selected and Edited by

Andrew Lang Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University ...

, Longmans, Green and Co., 1918 (1898). *
''The Arabian Nights''
BBC Radio 4 discussion with Robert Irwin, Marina Warner and Gerard van Gelder (''In Our Time'', October 18, 2007) {{One Thousand and One Nights One Thousand and One Nights

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